Liquid filter assemblies; features; components; and, methods

ABSTRACT

Liquid filter assemblies, features, components and methods are described. In general, a liquid filter cartridge is provided which includes features that help ensure that when the assembly is serviced, the cartridge positioned within the assembly is a proper one, in proper sealing orientation, for appropriate use. Features that can be used to provide for this include: a seal on the filter cartridge that defines a seal pattern non-orthogonal to a plane perpendicular to a central axis of the filter cartridge; and, a member of a projection/receiver arrangement on the filter cartridge which is orientated to engage a portion of a liquid filter assembly, for example a liquid flow collar, to allow sealing when the cartridge is a properly positioned cartridge and a properly configured cartridge. Assembly features are described. Also, a flexible radial projection arrangement providing snap-fit interaction between a cartridge and housing is provided. Methods of assembly and use as described.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No.15/224,025, filed Jul. 29, 2016, which is a continuation U.S.application Ser. No. 13/262,071, filed Apr. 19, 2012, which issued asU.S. Pat. No. 9,480,940, which is a US National Stage application of PCTInternational Patent Application No. PCT/US10/29228, filed on Mar. 30,2010, which claims priority to U.S. provisional application 61/211,586,filed Mar. 31, 2009, which application is incorporated herein byreference. To the extent appropriate, a claim of priority is made toeach of the above disclosed applications.

FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE

The present disclosure relates to liquid filter assemblies. Itparticularly concerns assemblies with features to facilitate ensuring aproper replacement part filter cartridge is appropriately positionedwithin a filter housing, for use. Features described herein can beapplied in in-tank filter assemblies, as well as in in-line types offilter assemblies. Features and components for use with sucharrangements, as well as methods of assembly and use, are described.

BACKGROUND

Liquid filters have been employed in a variety of applications includinghydraulic systems, engine lubrication systems, and fuel systems. Inthese type of systems, a filter cartridge is serviced periodically. Thisis important to protect equipment from contaminant.

One general type of filtration system is sometimes referenced as“in-tank.” In-tank filter systems are described, for example, in PCTpublication WO 2005/063358, published Jul. 14, 2005; and, in PCTpublication WO 2008/030323, published Mar. 13, 2008. Each of these twoPCT publications is incorporated herein by reference.

In general terms, an “in-tank” filter system, is a system configured tobe mounted on a reservoir tank for the liquid involved. The system willtypically provide for at least one of: liquid flow to the tank; or, drawof liquid from the tank.

Typically, an in-tank filter assembly includes a housing having aremovable, i.e. serviceable, filter cartridge appropriately positionedtherein. The service cartridge is periodically removed for servicing,for example when it becomes sufficiently occluded to generate anundesirable level of restriction across the filter media, or when aservice interval is passed. Servicing typically involves one of:replacing with a new filter cartridge; replacing with a previously used,but refurbished, filter cartridge; or, in some manner cleaning theremoved cartridge and replacing it for further use.

An additional type of liquid filter assembly involves a housingremovably secured to a filter head that is not mounted on a reservoirtank. Rather, the housing is mounted on a filter head, filter base orsome other form of manifold, which directs liquid to be filtered to thefilter system and which provides for removal of filtered liquid from thesystem. Such assemblies are sometimes referenced as “in-line”, since thefilter assembly is typically positioned in one or more liquid flowlines. This type of assembly includes a housing or bowl which is mountedon the filter head, base or manifold, for example through a threadedengagement. A filter cartridge is positioned within the housing or bowl,and engages appropriate portions of the filter head as the housing orbowl is mounted, for sealing interaction to provide for a filtering flowpath of unfiltered liquid to the filter cartridge, and filtered liquidfrom the filter cartridge. In some assemblies, referred to herein asbowl/cartridge assemblies, the filter cartridge (when removable from thebowl) is a service part that is typically removed and is either replacedor refurbished.

Example bowl/cartridge filter assemblies are described in PCT WO2006/012031, published Feb. 2, 2006, incorporated herein by reference.The particular bowl/cartridge filter assemblies depicted in WO2006/012031 are provided with certain anti-drain back valve features.

It is important to ensure, during servicing, that the filter cartridgeis properly and sealingly positioned within the assembly. Since portionsof the housing may block view of the cartridge, during closure of thehousing, it is preferable to develop features to help ensure properalignment and interaction between the cartridge and a remainder of thesystem, to ensure that the cartridge is properly positioned for use.

In addition, with the continued development of still greater numbers ofdifferent applications for liquid filter arrangements and a wide numberof various types of systems to use them, it is important to ensure thatany filter cartridge that is positioned within the housing of a givenfilter assembly, is a proper filter cartridge for that assembly.

It is also preferable to provide that any features which areincorporated to ensure proper cartridge positioning, and properengagement within system, are features that are relatively simple toconstruct, inexpensive to assemble, and convenient to align in use.Improvements in these areas are sought. In addition, unique alternativesto previously existing systems are desired, in order to ensure that fora given system, there is preferably only one type of cartridge, i.e. anappropriate cartridge, which can be fit into the system for use.

SUMMARY

Liquid filter assemblies, components and features are described anddepicted. In general, the features provide for ensuring that a filtercartridge, for a liquid filter assembly, is the proper filter cartridgefor that assembly and is appropriately installed and sealed, whenpositioned in the assembly for use. Features described herein can beapplied with both in-line filter assemblies and in-tank filterassemblies.

In general terms, a liquid filter cartridge is provided. The cartridgeis configured for use, in installation, in removable sealing engagementwith a liquid flow collar of a liquid filter assembly. The liquid filtercartridge includes filter media surrounding an open filter interior. Themedia has first and second, opposite, ends and defines a central axis.The media can define a cylindrical outer perimeter, or alternatives.

A first end construction is positioned at the first end of the filtermedia. It is typically closed, although alternatives are possible. Thisend construction can be a closed end cap, or it can be an endconstruction having a bypass valve arrangement therein.

A second, open, end construction is positioned at the second end of themedia. The second end construction, being open, includes a liquid flowaperture therethrough in communication with the open filter interior. Inexamples depicted, the second end construction includes a central spigotprojecting away from the media and surrounding and defining a centralliquid flow aperture.

A seal member is positioned on the spigot. The seal member can comprisean o-ring, although alternatives are possible. In examples depicted, theseal member is positioned around the spigot, although alternatives arepossible. The seal member is typically configured to define a sealpattern non-orthogonal to the central axis of the media.

Typically, the seal member is configured so that, in axial projection,it defines a circular perimeter.

A member of a projection/receiver rotational alignment arrangement ispositioned on the second end construction. Typically this member is nota seal, i.e. it is a “non-seal member.” The member of theprojection/receiver rotational alignment arrangement positioned on thesecond end construction is configured and oriented at a location toengage at another member of a projection/receiver rotational arrangementon a liquid flow collar, in selected rotational alignment, when theliquid filter cartridge is positioned for use. The “selected rotationalalignment” can be a single possible pre-selected rotational alignment ormore than one, depending on the system. Typically, only a singlepossible (pre-selected) rotational alignment will be preferred. Therotational alignment arrangements depicted also prevent the cartridgefrom rotating, once installed.

Also according to the present disclosure, methods, features andtechniques providing for snap-fit engagement between a filter cartridgeand a filter housing, in use, are provided. These can be used withvarious alignment features previously described, or can be usedindependently thereof.

Methods of assembly and use are described.

It is also noted that there is no specific requirement that a feature,component, assembly or method include all of the detail characterizedherein, in order to obtain some benefit according to the presentdisclosure.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of an in-tank filter assembly thatcan be implemented with principles according to the present disclosure.

FIG. 2 is a schematic perspective view of an in-tank filter assemblyconfigured for implementation of principles in general accord with FIG.1.

FIG. 3 is a schematic top plan view of the assembly of FIG. 2.

FIG. 4 is a schematic side cross-sectional view of the assembly of FIG.2, taken generally along line 4-4, FIG. 3.

FIG. 5 is a schematic top perspective view of a replacement part filtercartridge for the assembly of FIGS. 2-4.

FIG. 6 is a schematic cross-sectional view of the cartridge of FIG. 5.

FIG. 6A is a schematic cross-sectional view of an alternate cartridge tothe cartridge of FIGS. 5 and 6, depicted without a bypass valve and witha locator spring secured on the cartridge.

FIG. 7 is a schematic bottom perspective view of a closed endconstruction of the cartridge of FIGS. 5 and 6.

FIG. 8 is a schematic top perspective view of the end construction ofFIG. 7.

FIG. 9 is a schematic cross-sectional view of the end construction ofFIGS. 7 and 8.

FIG. 10 is a schematic, exploded, perspective view of a component in theend construction of FIG. 9.

FIG. 11 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a housing member of theassembly of FIGS. 2-4.

FIG. 12 is a schematic top perspective view of the component of FIG. 11.

FIG. 13 is a schematic, enlarged, fragmentary, cross-sectional view ofan identified portion of FIG. 11.

FIG. 14 is a schematic, exploded, bottom perspective view of twocomponents of the assembly of FIGS. 2-4, oriented and rotationallyaligned for engagement with one another.

FIG. 15 is a schematic, exploded, top perspective view of the componentsof FIG. 14.

FIG. 16 is a schematic, exploded, bottom perspective view of theassembly of FIGS. 2-4.

FIG. 17 is a schematic top perspective view of an alternate in-tankfilter assembly including features according to the present disclosure.

FIG. 18 is a schematic top plan view of the assembly of FIG. 17.

FIG. 19 is a schematic cross-sectional view of the assembly of FIGS. 17and 18, taken generally along line 19-19, FIG. 18.

FIG. 20 is a schematic, top perspective, view of a liquid filterassembly according to a third embodiment of the present disclosure,mounted on a manifold assembly for use in-line.

FIG. 21 is a schematic top perspective view of the in-line liquid filterassembly of FIG. 20, removed from the manifold.

FIG. 22 is a schematic, top perspective, view of a filter cartridgecomponent of the filter assembly of FIG. 21, shown removed from ahousing.

FIG. 23 is a fragmentary schematic perspective view of the filtercartridge component of FIG. 22, rotated counter-clockwise around acentral axis approximately one-quarter turn.

FIG. 24 is a schematic top plan view of the filter cartridge componentof FIG. 22.

FIG. 25 is a schematic top perspective cross-sectional view of thefilter cartridge component of FIGS. 22 and 24, taken generally alongline 25-25, FIG. 24.

FIG. 26 is a schematic exploded bottom perspective view depictingalignment for engagement between a filter cartridge component and afilter head component, of the in-line liquid filter assembly of FIG. 20.

FIG. 27 is a schematic, top, exploded, perspective view of thecomponentry of FIG. 26.

FIG. 28 is a schematic exploded cross-sectional view of the componentryof FIGS. 26 and 27.

FIG. 29 is a schematic, bottom, exploded, perspective view of analternate embodiment to the depictions of FIGS. 26-28.

FIG. 30 is a schematic, top perspective, view of the componentrydepicted in FIG. 29.

FIG. 31 is a schematic, exploded, top perspective view of a secondalternate componentry, to the componentry depicted in FIGS. 26-28.

FIG. 32 is a schematic exploded bottom perspective view of thecomponentry of FIG. 31.

FIG. 33 is a schematic top perspective view of an end construction ofthe embodiment depicted in FIGS. 31 and 32.

FIG. 34 is a schematic top perspective view of a liquid filter assemblyaccording to a fifth embodiment of the present disclosure, mounted on afilter head assembly for use in line.

FIG. 35 is a schematic cross-sectional perspective view of thecomponents of FIG. 34.

FIG. 36 is a schematic perspective cross-sectional view of a housing andcartridge component of the assemblies of FIGS. 34 and 35.

FIG. 37 is a schematic, enlarged, fragmentary cross-sectional view of aselected portion of FIG. 36.

FIG. 38 is a schematic, enlarged, fragmentary schematic view of aselected portion of FIG. 37.

FIG. 39 is a schematic top perspective view of a filter cartridgecomponent of the assembly of FIGS. 34 and 35.

FIG. 40 is a schematic enlarged fragmentary exploded perspective view ofthe cartridge of FIG. 40.

FIG. 41 is a schematic top perspective view of a second end constructioncomponent of the cartridge of FIGS. 39 and 40.

FIG. 42 is an alternate schematic top perspective view of the componentof FIG. 41.

FIG. 43 is a schematic side elevational view of the component of FIGS.41 and 42.

FIG. 44 is a schematic top plan view of the component of FIG. 43.

FIG. 45 is a schematic cross-sectional view taken along line 45-45, FIG.44.

FIG. 46 is a schematic top perspective view of the assembly of FIG. 34,with selected portions broken away to show internal detail; in FIG. 46the assembly being depicted during a step of securing a housing to afilter head.

FIG. 47 is an enlarged, schematic, fragmentary view of a selectedportion of FIG. 46.

FIG. 48 is a fragmentary schematic depiction of a potential alignmentstep in the generation of the assembly of FIGS. 34 and 35.

FIG. 49 is a fragmentary schematic depiction of a second alignment stepin the generation of the assembly of FIGS. 34 and 35.

FIG. 50 is a schematic perspective enlarged exploded view of a housingcomponent of the assembly of FIGS. 34 and 35.

FIG. 51 is an exploded schematic perspective view of a filter headcomponent of the assembly of FIGS. 34 and 35.

FIG. 52 is a schematic cross-sectional perspective view of the filterhead of the FIG. 51.

FIG. 53 is a schematic enlarged fragmentary view of a selected portionof FIG. 52.

FIG. 54 is a schematic side elevational view of an alternate endconstruction component feature usable in arrangements in accord withpresent disclosure.

FIG. 55 is a schematic top plan view of the end construction feature ofFIG. 54.

FIG. 56 is a schematic cross-sectional view of the end cap of FIGS. 54and 55, taken generally along 56-56, FIG. 55.

FIG. 57 is a schematic bottom perspective view of a sixth alternateembodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 58 is a schematic top perspective view of a componentry depicted inFIG. 57.

FIG. 59 is a schematic cross-sectional view of the componentry depictedin FIGS. 57 and 58.

FIG. 60 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a housing component ofthe assembly of FIGS. 57-59.

FIG. 61 is a schematic enlarged fragmentary view of a selected portionof FIG. 60.

FIG. 62 is a schematic bottom perspective view of the housing componentof FIG. 60.

FIG. 63 is a schematic perspective view of a cartridge component usablein the assembly of FIGS. 57-59.

FIG. 64 is a schematic plan view of the cartridge component of FIG. 63.

FIG. 65 is a schematic side elevational view of the cartridge componentof FIG. 63 depicting selected portions shown in cross-section.

FIG. 66 is a schematic end view of the cartridge of FIG. 66.

FIG. 67 is a schematic side elevational view of a seventh liquid filterassembly according to the present disclosure, with selected portionsbroken away or exploded to indicate detail.

FIG. 68 is a schematic side elevational view of a housing component ofthe assembly of FIG. 67, with selected portions shown in cross-section.

FIG. 69 is a schematic cross-sectional view of the component of FIG. 68taken generally along line 69-69 thereof.

FIG. 70 is a schematic top perspective view of a flow collar memberdepicted in FIGS. 68 and 69.

FIG. 71 is a schematic side elevational view of a filter cartridgeusable in the assembly of FIG. 67; in FIG. 71 selected portions beingshown in cross-sectional view.

FIG. 72 is a schematic enlarged fragmentary perspective view of aportion of the cartridge component of FIG. 71.

FIG. 73 is a schematic plan view of the cartridge component of FIG. 71.

FIG. 74 is a schematic depiction analogous to FIG. 15, but showing aselected alternate feature.

FIG. 75 is a schematic depiction analogous to FIG. 29, but depicting analternate feature.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The principles described herein can be used with a variety of liquidfiltration systems. Typical uses will be in hydraulic systems. However,the principles can be applied in other liquid systems, for examplelubricant systems and/or fuel filter systems.

I. Example in-Tank Liquid Filter Assemblies Including Features Accordingto the Present Disclosure A. General Schematic, FIG. 1

The reference numeral 1, FIG. 1, generally indicates a schematicdepiction of a system including an in-tank filter assembly according tothe present disclosure. Referring to FIG. 1, the system 1 includes afilter arrangement or cartridge 2 including filter media 3 therein. Thefilter media 3 is configured to filter liquid from inlet line 4 tooutlet line 5. The outlet line 5 from the media 3 is directed to anoutlet line 7 directed to a reservoir tank, shown generally at 8.

Still referring to FIG. 1, the assembly 2 includes an optional bypassline 10 to accommodate flow around the media 3. The bypass line 10includes a bypass valve assembly 11 therein, configured to only open andallow flow through line 10, when the restriction between inlet line 4and outlet line 5 is sufficiently high, i.e. high enough to overcome anopening pressure of the valve assembly 11. Typically, the bypass valve10 will open to avoid damage to the media 3 during over-pressurizationcaused by cold starts or excessive contaminant. The opening of valve 10can also protect equipment from damage.

Assembly 1 can be configured for liquid flow to the filter assembly 2from one source, indicated generally at A, or from two sources,indicated generally at A and B.

Typically, a filter cartridge 2, which comprises filter media 3, isconfigured as a service part. That is, the filter cartridge 2, includingfilter media 3 therein, is serviced periodically, for example when aneed for servicing is indicated by a restriction indicator, or when aservice interval for the equipment involved has been reached, or whenotherwise chosen by the equipment owner or operator. It is desirable toensure that during servicing, any replacement part cartridge that isselected for installation is properly positioned within the assembly andsealed, for use. It is also preferable to ensure that the servicingoperation is a fairly simple operation, easily accomplished by a serviceprovider. Further, it is preferable to ensure that only a propercartridge, designed for the assembly 2, will fit in the assembly andappear to be installed, when the assembly is closed. Features thatfacilitate one or more of these, for an in-tank filter assembly, aredescribed herein below, in connection with FIGS. 2-19. It is noted thatthe particular embodiments described in FIGS. 2-19 are configured withfeatures that are also advantageous in being simple and inexpensive toconstruct and use.

B. A First Example in-Tank Filter Assembly, with Selected Variations,FIGS. 2-16

It is noted that FIGS. 2-16 include structural features found in FIGS.2-16 of U.S. Ser. No. 61/211,586. However, specifically with respect toFIG. 16 a change in order of the features, to depict actual assembly, asdescribed below, is made.

A first example embodiment of an in-tank filter assembly is depicted inFIGS. 2-4. Referring first to FIG. 2, an in-tank filter assembly 25 isdepicted including a filter head assembly 26 comprising a base 27 and anaccess cover 28; and, a housing 30, depending downwardly from the filterhead assembly 26. The housing 30 is configured to receive, projectingtherein, a serviceable filter cartridge not depicted in FIG. 2.

Still referring to FIG. 2, the housing 30 includes a lower end 33 withliquid flow port 34 positioned thereon. For the particular assembly 25depicted, the liquid flow port 34 is an outlet port 35, through whichfiltered liquid exits the assembly 25. Thus, end 33, remote from head26, is an open end of housing 30.

In use, assembly 25 would be mounted on a reservoir tank, for example areservoir tank of a hydraulic filter assembly. Housing 30 would belowered into the tank, with mounting flange or collar 36 positionedagainst structure on an exterior of the tank. The assembly 25 can besecured in place, for example, by bolts projecting through apertures 37in mounting flange 36.

In general, the mounting flange 36 comprises a portion of base 27. Thebase 27 also includes a port arrangement for liquid flow. The portarrangement 40 depicted, generally comprises a liquid flow inletarrangement 41. For the assembly depicted, the inlet arrangement 41allows for flow of liquid to be filtered into the assembly 25. The inletarrangement 41, i.e. the port arrangement 40, can comprise one or moreports, depending upon the number of liquid flow lines to be fed into thesystem. The particular assembly 25 depicted, includes three ports 42. Itis noted that one or more of the ports 42 may be closed, or may beformed (for example cast) closed, when the assembly 25 is to be usedwith only one inlet line. Indeed, assembly 25, FIG. 2 is configured sothat only port 42 a is open to direct liquid flow into the interior ofin-tank assembly 25; the other two ports, 42 b, each being cast closed.In alternate applications, two or more ports 42 a, 42 b, 42 c can beformed open, with selected ones capped if they are not to be used.

Still referring to FIG. 2, filter head assembly 26 includes an accesscover 28 removably mounted on filter base 27, in the example shown bybolts 45. Service access to an interior of assembly 25 is provided byremoving access cover 28. This allows, for example, for the serviceprovider to install a cartridge or to remove the cartridge forservicing.

In FIG. 3, a top plan view of assembly 25 is depicted. Attention isdirected to line 4-4, FIG. 3, which defines the cross-sectional view ofFIG. 4.

Attention is now directed to FIG. 4. Here aperture 42 a is depicted openfor inlet flow therethrough of liquid to be filtered, the inlet flowgenerally being designated by arrow 48. Interior 26 i of filter headassembly 26 is viewable. Also viewable is housing 30 defining interior30 i depending downwardly from filter head assembly 26. Within interior30 i is, removably, positioned filter cartridge 50. As previouslydescribed, the filter cartridge 50 is a service part, i.e. isconstructed and configured to be removable from a remainder of assembly25 during servicing. The term “removable” and variants thereof when usedin this and related contexts, is meant to refer to components that canbe separated without damage to either component.

In FIG. 4, attention is directed to central axis X, which defines acentral axis for housing 30, and also for liquid filter cartridge 50.

Liquid filter cartridge 50 comprises an extension of media 52surrounding and defining a filter interior 53 which is typically open.For the particular example cartridge 50 depicted, the media 52 surroundsa central core 55, which is perforated for liquid flow therethrough. Theparticular example core 55 depicted, is a spiral-wound construction 56having liquid flow apertures 57 therethrough, although alternatives arepossible.

As can be seen, referring to FIG. 4, the cartridge 52 is sized to definea liquid flow annulus 58 therearound, between the cartridge 50 and asidewall 30 s of the housing 30. The filter head assembly 26 isconfigured to direct liquid to be filtered into this annulus 58. Theliquid then is directed through the media 52 into interior 53, and thusinto interior 55 i of core 55. The filtered liquid is then directed inthe general direction of arrow 60 outwardly from cartridge 50 andthrough liquid flow outlet 35. In this manner liquid filtered by thecartridge 50, is directed into the tank or reservoir.

Herein, an assembly which is configured for the filtering flow throughmedia to be from outside of the media through the media to a filterinterior, will sometimes be characterized as configured for “out-to-in”flow during servicing. It is noted that the assemblies shown herein aregenerally depicted as configured for “out-to-in flow” during filtering.The principles described herein can also be used, however, in assembliesconfigured for “in-to-out” flow during filtering, i.e. a direction offiltering flow from the interior of a cartridge to an exterior, ifdesired.

In general, the media 52 of the cartridge 50 has opposite ends 52 u and52 l and extends between first and second end constructions 64, 65. Endconstruction 64 is closed and generally provides for a closed end cap 64x, i.e. an end cap closed to the flow of liquid therethrough, duringnormal operation. The particular closed end cap 64 x depicted, is closedby an optional bypass valve assembly 67. Bypass valve assembly 67, whichis described in further detail below in connection with FIGS. 7-10, isconfigured to open end cap 64 to liquid flow therethrough, into interior53, without the liquid passing through the media pack 52, only when apressure drop across the media 52 has reached a selected level. This mayoccur, for example, during a cold start-up. It can also occur shouldcontaminant sufficiently occlude the media pack. For example, as themedia pack 52 begins to occlude, should it occlude sufficiently to anundesirable extent, the bypass valve assembly 67 is configured to openand allow the liquid to bypass the media pack 52 and to be directed frominlet 42 a to outlet 35. Thus, in general, end construction 64 is aclosed “end construction” or “closed end cap” since during normaloperation, i.e. when the bypass valve 67 is not opened, the end capcloses end 52 u of the media 52, and also closes the corresponding endof the media interior 53, to passage of liquid therethrough.

Still referring to FIG. 4, attention is directed to locator member 70.The locator member 70 helps provide for alignment between the cartridge50 and the filter head assembly 26. Further, the particular locatormember 70 depicted comprises a biasing member 71. The biasing member 71helps ensure that the cartridge 50 is biased in the assembly 25 in adirection toward the outlet 35, i.e. in a direction for ensuringsealing. To facilitate this, the example biasing member 71 depictedcomprises a coiled spring 72. Some variations in mounting of the locatormember 70 are discussed below in connection with FIGS. 6 and 6A.

As discussed above, cartridge 50 is a service part, i.e. it is removableand replaceable within in-tank assembly 25. The general features of thecartridge 50 will be understood by reference to FIGS. 5-6A.

Referring first to FIG. 5, liquid filter cartridge 50 is depicted inschematic top perspective view. The media 52 is depicted surroundinginterior 53, core 55 and central axis X. The media 52 is not depicted indetail. It can comprise, for example, a variety of configurations ofmedia, including pleated and non-pleated arrangements. Further it can beprovided with an outer liner surrounding the media 52, to form a mediapack, if desired. The media can comprise a variety of filter mediamaterials suitable for the intended filtering operation. It willtypically comprise non-woven fibrous material.

Still referring to FIG. 5, end constructions 64 and 65 are depicted.Construction 64 includes, projecting axially outwardly therefrom, in adirection away from end construction 65, a collar 75. The collar 75surrounds an inner rim 76 against which coiled spring 72, i.e. biasingmember 71, FIG. 4, will bias. The collar 75 also includes an outer edge77 with a outward flare 78, to facilitate entering the coiled spring 72into interior 75 i of the collar 75.

Attention is now directed to FIG. 6, a schematic cross-sectional view ofcartridge 50, taken generally along line 6-6, FIG. 5. Referring to FIG.6, end construction 64 is viewable on one end of the media 52. Thebypass valve assembly 67, discussed further below in connection withFIGS. 7-10 is more readily viewable. Further collar 75 with flare 78 andinner rim 76 is viewable.

With respect to FIG. 6, attention is now directed to end construction 65which is positioned on an opposite end 52 l of the media 52 from endconstruction 64. The end construction 65 is open, and generallyincludes: a flange 80, which extends over end 52 l of the media pack 52;and, central port arrangement 81, which provides for liquid flowcommunication between interior 55 i (and thus media interior 53) and aregion exterior to cartridge 50, without passage through bypass valveassembly 67 or media 52. In a typical assembly configured for out-to-inflow during filtering operation, as described previously with respect toFIG. 4, central port arrangement 81 comprises an outlet port 82 for flowof filtered liquid from interior 53 (i.e. core interior 55 i) ofcartridge 50.

End construction 65 includes a seal support, spigot or projection 85thereon, having a seal 86 thereon. The seal support 85, in the exampledepicted, comprises a spigot or projection extending away from the mediapack 52 in a direction generally away from end construction 64. The seal86 depicted comprises a radial seal member which surrounds and spigot 85and is configured to form a housing seal, with a portion of the housing30. For the particular assembly depicted, seal 86 is configured to forman outwardly directed radial seal 88. By “outwardly directed” in thiscontext, it is meant that the seal 86 is positioned so that when itsealingly engages a seal surface in a housing, the sealing force areagainst a surrounding structure and generally directed radially towardor away from central axis X of the cartridge 50.

For the particular example seal 86 depicted, an o-ring 86 o is shown,positioned in a receiving groove 93 on the seal support 85. It is notedthat alternate configurations for the seal 86 to o-rings, can be used.For example, the seal 86 can comprise a portion of seal material moldedonto or otherwise mounted on a portion of end construction 65.

It is noted that the end constructions 64 and 65 can be pre-made andthen be secured to ends of the media pack 52, 52 l respectively, with apotting material or adhesive. The end constructions 64, 65 can be formedfrom metal, or can comprise molded plastic components.

Attention is now directed to FIG. 6A, which depicts an alternatecartridge construction to that shown in FIG. 6. Referring to FIG. 6A,cartridge 100 is depicted. The cartridge 100 includes many featuresanalogous to cartridge 50, and analogous reference numerals aresometimes used to identify those features. Cartridge 100 differs fromcartridge 50 in two primary manners. First, cartridge 100 does notinclude a bypass valve arrangement analogous to bypass valve assembly 67thereon. Rather end 52 u of media pack 52 (and cartridge 100) is closedby an end construction 102 that is simply a closed end cap, without abypass valve but with a collar 75 thereon that has been configured forreceipt of a locator member 70 projecting therein.

The second manner in which cartridge 100 in FIG. 6A differs fromcartridge 50, is that the locator member 70, in this instance coiledspring 72, is secured to the cartridge 100. In the example of FIG. 6,the locator member 70 was not secured to the cartridge 50, but rathercartridge 50 was configured to be used with a filter head, in which thelocator member remains secured to the filter head during servicing. Ofcourse with the cartridge of FIG. 6A, the overall assembly of FIGS. 2-4would need to be modified only insofar as the locator member adjustmentwould be needed.

It is noted that for other alternate applications of the principlesdescribed herein, the cartridge can be modified from cartridges 50 and100, for alternate variations in use of the principles. For example, abypass valve assembly can be used with a cartridge that also has alocator member 70 secured thereto.

Attention is now directed to FIGS. 7-10, with respect to the first endconstruction 64 and bypass valve arrangement 67. Referring to FIG. 7,end construction 64 is shown separated from the media pack 52 ofcartridge 50, FIG. 6. The end construction 64 includes an end plate 105and flange 106. The media 52 is typically potted and sealed against endplate 105 for sealing end 52 l of the media 52, with rim 106 extendingaround the media 52. It is noted that the particular rim 106 and endplate 105 construction, can be for example manufactured from metal,although it could also be a molded piece in some applications.

Referring to FIG. 8, the end construction 64 is provided in a top planview. Locator member-receiving collar 75 is viewable. Collar 75 and rim76 can also be formed from metal if desired.

Referring back to FIG. 7, bypass valve assembly 67 is seen attached toend construction 64 at a location so that it will project into an openregion 53 surrounded by the media 52, when installed in the cartridge50. The bypass valve assembly 67 comprises frame 110 positioned as asupport to a biasing member 111, in this instance comprising coiledspring 112. The bypass valve assembly 67 further includes a valve member115, supported by the biasing member 111 in sealing engagement with avalve seat 116. With respect to this, attention is directed to FIG. 9.Here valve member 115 can be seen biased against valve seat 116, toclose the valve assembly 67; the biasing being provided by coiled spring112 (i.e. by biasing member 111). Thus, end construction 64 is closed,as long as the closing pressure of biasing member 111 is not overcome bythe pressure differential between opposite sides of the valve member115. Should the pressure differential between opposite sides of valvemember 115 become sufficiently large, the closure force of the biasingmember 111 will be overcome, the valve head 115 will bias away fromvalve seat 116 and the valve assembly 67 will open for flow ofunfiltered liquid therethrough, into the cartridge interior 53, FIG. 6.

In FIG. 10, a exploded view of the valve member 115 is depicted, showingseal member 115 s and frame piece 115 f.

Attention is now directed to FIG. 11, in which the housing 30 isdepicted in schematic cross-sectional view. The example housing 30includes a sidewall 30 s defining an interior 30 i. At one end 118, theexample housing 30 is generally open for receipt of cartridge 50projecting therethrough, into interior 30 i. For the example housing 30depicted, at end 118 an outwardly directed flange 119 is provided.Underneath flange 119 is positioned a seal member 120. Seal member 120can be secured to a remainder of the housing 30, or can just be looselypositioned. Although alternatives are possible, for the example depictedthe seal member 120 is an o-ring 120 o. Alternate shaped or types ofgaskets can be used.

Attention is now directed to FIG. 16. FIG. 16 is, in general, aschematic exploded perspective view of assembly 25. In FIG. 16, base 27is viewable, with access cover 28 removed. During assembly, housing 30is lowered through upper end 27 u of base 27, with sidewall 30 sdepending downwardly through lower end 271 of base 27. Lowering wouldoccur until flange 119 engages the shelf 122 in base 27. Sealing betweenthe flange 119 and the shelf 122 is provided by seal member 120. Thecombination of base 27 and housing 30 is now ready to receive, operablytherein, cartridge 50 and then to be closed by positioning access cover28 over upper end 27 u of base 27.

Attention is now directed back to FIG. 11. Opposite to end 118, housing30 includes end 125. End 125 includes liquid flow port 34 therein, inthis instance comprising a liquid flow outlet 35. In the exampledepicted, liquid flow port 34 is provided by a liquid flow collar 130,separately made and then positioned with a portion thereof extendingthrough aperture 125 o in end 125. With respect to this, attention isdirected to FIG. 13, an enlarged fragmentary view of a portion of FIG.11. Here, aperture 125 o defined by downwardly directed flange 125 x isviewable. A portion of collar 130 can be seen projecting into aperture125 o. Further detail regarding collar 130 is described herein below, inconnection to FIGS. 14 and 15.

In FIG. 12, a top perspective view of housing 30 is provided. Oppositenotches 119 n in flange 119 are viewable. These can be oriented toengage projections in base 27, FIG. 16, during installation, foraligning and securing housing 30 in position.

Attention is now directed to FIG. 14, an exploded perspective viewdepicting both liquid flow collar 130 and end construction 65. In FIG.14 a schematic, exploded, bottom perspective view is provided, so onecan see how end construction 65 is configured for preferred engagementwith liquid flow collar 130, when cartridge 50 is installed in housing30.

Referring to FIG. 14, attention is first directed to liquid flow collar130. The liquid flow collar 130 is depicted in bottom perspective viewand includes a first ring portion 131, a second ring portion 132; and, acentral radially projecting rim 133.

First ring portion 131 defines an open end 131 x, for liquid flowtherethrough. The second ring portion 132 defines an open rim 132 x forliquid flow therethrough.

The central radially projecting ring 133 is sized and shaped tointerfere with an end 125 of housing 30, when liquid flow collar 130 isinstalled. Typically, the liquid flow collar 130 is installed by beingpositioned within interior 30 i with collar portion 131 projectingoutwardly from interior 30 i, see FIG. 11. Welding or other attachmentarrangements can be used, to secure and seal collar 130 in place and toprovide sealing.

Referring to FIG. 14, second ring portion 132 is generally circular orring shaped, but includes a (bump-out) radially outwardly projectingportion 135. Referring to FIG. 15, in which a top perspective view ofthe componentry depicted in FIG. 14 is shown, the (bump-out) projection135 can be seen as defining, along an interior 132 i of upper region132, a outwardly directed recess or receiver (receiver recess) 135 r.

It is noted that the particular receiver recess 135 r depicted, divergesin extension away from end 132 x, opposite sides 138 b, 138 c. Inatypical assembly, the angle divergence for each of the sides 138 b, 138c is the same, and typically is within the range of 5°-20°, inclusivefor example 8°-16°, inclusive from vertical. The internal angles wherethe sides 138 b, 138 c engage bottom 138 a, for the example depicted,would be about 95-110°, inclusive, typically 98-116°, inclusive.

The liquid flow collar 130 can be constructed from a variety ofmaterials. Usable materials include, for example, metal and plastic. Itis anticipated that in a typical application, collar 160 will comprise asteel ring formed, for example, from a sheet of appropriate steel coiledand welded into a cylinder, for example as shown at welding bead 139,FIG. 14. The features of the liquid flow collar 130 could then be formedusing a metal press operation. This would tend to smooth any portion ofthe welding bead in the second collar section 132. It can also be usedto form bump-out 135 (i.e. recess 135 r) and ring 133.

Referring to FIG. 15, in general terms interior surface 132 i of collar130 and in particular second region 132 is positioned and configured todefine a seal surface oriented to receive, sealed thereagainst, thehousing seal 86. This will be understood by further reference to FIGS.14 and 15.

Referring to FIG. 14, attention is directed to end construction 65. Aspreviously discussed in connection with FIG. 6, end construction 65includes flange 80 and central port arrangement 81. Positioned at alocation to extend around end 52 l of media 52, FIG. 6, cover 80includes rim 80 f.

Central port arrangement 81 comprises a projection or spigot 85 securedto flange 80 and extending in a direction away from the media 52, FIG.6. Referring to FIG. 14, projection or spigot 85 includes thereon aninterference fit member 140. The interference fit member 140 ispositioned to ensure that the projection or spigot 85 can only sealinglyengage portion 132 i of collar 130 when the two are in preferredrotational orientation as further discussed below. For the particularexample assembly depicted, the interference fit member 140 comprises atrapezoidal-shaped seal projection 141 sized, shaped and positioned toslide into receiver 135 r as projection 85 is pushed into liquid flowcollar 130. Alternate shapes to the interference fit member 140 can bepossible.

In more general terms, interference fit member 140 is a first member ofa projection/receiver rotational alignment arrangement, positionedwithin the assembly 25. Another member of the projection/receiverrotational alignment arrangement, is positioned in liquid flow collar130. The two members are configured such that they can only engage in amanner that allows sealing engagement between the cartridge 50 and theliquid flow collar 130, when the rotational alignment between the two isas selected. For the particular example depicted, only one rotationalalignment is allowed, although alternatives are possible in otherapplications of the technique described herein. Also for the particulararrangement depicted, member 140 is a projection arrangement, and member135 r is a receiver arrangement, although alternatives are possible.

Still referring to FIG. 14, seal 86 can be seen oriented to encircleprojection or spigot 85 on an exterior thereof, and is oriented todefine a seal pattern oriented non-orthogonal to a central axis Xextending through projection or spigot 139. Typically the seal patterndefines a plane that is non-orthogonal to central axis X which extendsat an acute angle to a plane orthogonal to axis X at an angle, indicatedgenerally at Y, of at least 5° usually at least 7° and typically notmore than 40° and usually not more than 20°, typical angles are withinthe range of 7°-15°, inclusive.

Comparing FIGS. 14 and 15, the seal pattern and angle Y are chosen sothat the seal 86 will pass under receiver 135 r, but will, when sealingagainst surface 132 i, angle upwardly. Indeed, interior 132 i of uppercollar section 132 is typically configured so that when the seal passesunderneath receiver 135 r it will not be able to seal to the surface 132i unless it is slanted upwardly. Alternately stated, an interior sealsurface portion of interior 132 i, of the liquid flow collar 130, isgenerally configured to only accept a seal thereagainst, when the sealis angled, i.e. non-orthogonal to a central axis X. This can be managedby providing disruptions through bumps or recesses within interior 132i, to any other orientation of seal.

Still referring to FIG. 14, it is noted that seal 86, as it surroundsspigot 85, passes between projection 140, and an end tip 185 t ofprojection 85.

A number of advantages can be obtained from using such seal features andother engagement features between the spigot 85 and liquid flow collar130, in general as described and shown. For example a slanted radialseal can be advantageous during installation, since it can be workedinto a side of the seal surface 132 i without engaging a complete 360°seal force initially, i.e. at the beginning of the insertion. Thus, theinsertion can be started, and then with added force and rocking, thecartridge 50, with rotation as needed, can be pushed into appropriateposition.

Secondly, the system described can be implemented to help ensure thatthe cartridge 50 is a proper one, properly installed, for the assembly25 involved, before the assembly is put on line. For example theinterference projection 140 and the receiver 135 r can be used to ensurethat the cartridge 50, once installation is started, is rotated to aproper orientation, before it is pushed fully (downwardly) into asealing orientation. This will ensure that the seal is properlyoriented, for the slanted seal/seal surface alignment needed, to obtainproper sealing.

It is noted that the spigot 85 and flow collar 130 described, canoperate as a “sight unseen” rotational alignment arrangement. By this itis meant that typically during engagement between the spigot 85 and theliquid flow collar 130, the service provider cannot see either, as theyare buried within the depth of housing 30. However, the interferencewhich will occur between the two members until proper rotationalalignment is achieved, will prevent the service provider from believingthat the cartridge is properly installed, until appropriate alignmenthas occurred.

Features can be used in association with those described, to ensure thatthe cartridge 50 has been properly biased to the seal orientation, andthus is a proper, installed, cartridge, before the access cover 28 ispositioned on the base 27. In particular, and referring to FIG. 4,attention is directed to locator member 70, which will be positionedbetween end cover 64 and access cover 26. Biasing member 71, for examplewhen it is a spring 72, can be selected so that it will resist accesscover 26 being bolted closed, unless the cartridge 50 has been pusheddownwardly into the sealing orientation. Alternately stated, if thecartridge 50 has not been recessed through alignment between theinterference fit member 140 and the receiver 135 r, the cartridge end 64will push upwardly substantially far so that the spring 72 cannot beeasily collapsed as the access cover 26 is lowered. Generally, this isaccomplished by selecting an appropriate length and compression forcefor the spring 72.

In general terms, assembly 150 shows how a previously existing filterhead 151 can be retro-fit for use with assembly having featuresgenerally in accord with FIGS. 2-16. This will be done, by providing analternate housing, to the assembly, generally in accord with housing 30;a cartridge generally in accord with cartridge 50; and, by closing port156 with cover 157.

Of course a biasing member in accord with biasing member 71 could alsobe used.

Thus, security features are provided by the characterized features. Theinterference fit member 140 will ensure that the spigot 139 cannot bepushed fully into interior 132 i of collar 130, unless in the properradial alignment, i.e. relative rotational alignment between the spigot139 and the collar 130. For the example depicted, this seal alignmentonly occurs in one radial orientation, i.e. when interference fit member140 is aligned to be received within receiver 135 r. Of coursealternatives are possible. When this rotational alignment occurs,interference to pushing of the cartridge 50 into full engagement withcollar 130 is removed. Unless the radial alignment occurs, interferencebetween member 140 and rim 132 x will occur. This will leave the endcover 64 projecting upwardly within base 27 too far, for access cover 28to be readily lowered into position due to biasing member 71 (i.e.spring 72).

Once the appropriate radial alignment occurs, cartridge 50 can belowered and the seal 86 will be properly radially oriented to engagesealing surface portion of surface 132 i, i.e. with the seal passingunder receiver 135 r and then slanting upwardly along interior surface32 i at a preferred locations for sealing engagement. Of course,preferably the relative sizes of the interference fit member 140 and thereceiver 135 r are chosen so that when slightably engaged, the cartridge50 cannot, in general, rotate relative to the liquid flow collar 130.

In general terms, then, the assembly of FIGS. 2-16 can be said toinclude a liquid filter cartridge for installation, in use, to provideremovable sealing engagement with a liquid flow collar with a liquidfilter assembly. The liquid filter cartridge includes filter mediasurrounding an open interior, the media having first and second,opposite, ends and defining a central axis. A first, closed, endconstruction is positioned in a first end of the filter media. Thisfirst, closed, end construction can include a bypass valve assemblythereon, if desired. A second end construction is positioned at a secondend of the media. The second end construction is open, and includes acentral spigot projecting away from the media and surrounding anddefining a central liquid flow aperture in liquid flow communicationwith the open filter interior. A seal member is positioned on the spigotto define a seal pattern non-orthogonal to a central axis of the media.A member of a projection/receiver rotational alignment arrangement ispositioned on the second end construction at a location to engageanother member of the projection/receiver rotational alignmentarrangement on the liquid flow collar, in selected rotational alignment,in use. The member of the projection/receiver rotational alignmentarrangement is generally a projection or receiver member that is notitself a seal, i.e. it is a “non-seal member.” The assembly can beconfigured so that there is only one selected rotational alignmentpossible, although alternatives, i.e. in which there is more than onepossible rotational alignment possible, can be used. In an exampledepicted, the seal member is positioned around the spigot, althoughalternatives are possible. Also, in an example depicted, the member ofthe projection/receiver rotational alignment arrangement positioned onthe spigot is a projection, and particularly radially outwardlyprojecting projection (or bump-out), although alternatives are possible.

Referring to FIG. 6, a dimension of maximum extension of the projectionor spigot 85 radially outwardly from the central axis X, is indicatedgenerally at d₁. For the example shown, this dimension closelycorrelates dimension d₂, a maximum extent of projection radiallyoutwardly from central axis X, of seal member 86. Each (including anoutwardly projecting projection or bump-out) is typically smaller thand₃, a maximum extent of projection of media 52 radially outwardly fromcentral axis X. Typically, the maximum extension of radial projection ofeach of the spigot 85 and seal 86 outwardly from axis X is no more than80% of a maximum extent of radial projection of the media 52 radialoutwardly from the central axis X, and usually no more than 60% of thisamount. This helps allow the spigot 85 and seal 86 can be configured tobe used in a variety of systems, due to their relatively small size bycomparisons of the media. Examples of this are described below, in whicha end construction analogous to end construction 65 is depicted usedwith an “in-line” filter assembly.

C. An Alternate In-tank Assembly, FIGS. 17-19

It is noted that the features of FIGS. 17-19 are generally as describedin U.S. Ser. No. 61/211,586.

In FIGS. 17-19, an alternate in-tank assembly is depicted. Referring toFIG. 17, a schematic top perspective view of an alternate in-tank filterassembly 150 is provided. As with the previous assembly of FIGS. 2-16,assembly 150 includes a filter head assembly 151 comprising a base 152and an access cover 153. In this example assembly, the access cover 153is threaded onto the base 152.

Still referring to FIG. 17, the assembly includes a liquid flow inlet155. A port 156 opposite the liquid flow inlet 155 is shown closed by acap or cover 157.

In FIG. 18, a top plan view of assembly 150 is depicted, a cross-sectionline 19-19 being used to define a cross-sectional view of FIG. 19.

Attention is now directed to FIG. 19, a side cross-sectional view ofassembly 150. In FIG. 19, housing 160, having a construction generallyanalogous to housing 30, FIG. 12 is viewable. The housing 160 includes asidewall 160 s defining an interior 160 i. At a first end 160 a, thehousing includes an outwardly directed flange 169 analogous to flange119, FIG. 12, positioned over seal 162. In the example depicted, theseal 162 is an o-ring seal 162 x, although alternatives are possible.The housing 160 includes an end 160 b opposite end 160 a having anoutlet port 164 therein, in which is fit liquid flow collar 165. Thecollar can be constructed analogous to collar 130, FIG. 12.

It can be seen that except for adjustments for size or similar minormodifications, the housing 160 and collar 165 can be generally analogousto those previously described.

Positioned within assembly 150 is serviceable filter cartridge 170. Thefilter cartridge 170 is generally analogous to cartridge 50, andincludes media 172 surrounding and defining an open filter interior 173.In the specific example, the media 172 is positioned around perforatedinner liner 175. The media 172 extends between first and second endconstructions 179, 180. End construction 179 comprises a closed end caphaving a bypass valve construction 182 therein, configured to allowliquid flow through construction 179 into filter interior 173, bypassingthe media 172, should a pressure differential between the upstream sideand downstream side of the cartridge 170, when configured for out-to-inflow during filtering, exceed a predetermined amount.

It is noted that end construction 179 also includes collar 185,analogous to collar 75.

End construction 180 includes flange 187 and spigot projection 188. Thespigot projection 188 includes an outer surface 189 with a sealarrangement 190 thereon. The example seal arrangement depicted is ano-ring seal 191, although alternatives are possible.

In general terms, the cartridge 170 can be analogous to the cartridge 50previously described, including with respect to specific sub-features ofend constructions 179, 180. Of course sizes can be varied, depending onthe particular application of use.

It is noted that the same variations discussed with respect to filtercartridge 50, i.e. absence of a bypass valve arrangement, absence of acollar 185, and/or presence of biasing member (for example a spring)secured to the end construction 179 can be used.

Still referring to FIG. 19, attention is directed to biasing member 194positioned in extension between access cover 153 and end construction179. Biasing member 194, in the example depicted, comprises spring 195,although alternatives are possible. Biasing member 194, again, helpsensure that the cartridge 170 remains in place during use, and alsoprovides for a check to ensure that the cartridge 170 is properlylowered into a sealing engagement with collar 165, when installed.

Thus, in general terms, assembly 150 is analogous assembly 25, theprimary differences relating to specific configuration of the head 151,and the manner in which the access cover 153 is secured on the base 152.Also the depictions of assembly 150, FIGS. 17-19, show how certainprinciples according to the present disclosure can be applied byretro-fitting previously existing equipment. In particular, filter headassembly 151 can be a filter assembly originally designed andmanufactured for use with a different type of in-tank filter assembly,in which aperture 155 is an inlet and port 156 is an outlet. Theassembly is retro-fit for use with a cartridge in accord with thepresent disclosure, by a capping port 156 with cap 157, and theninstalling the internal features defined.

II. Example In-Line Liquid Filter Assemblies Including FeaturesAccording to the Present Disclosure

Herein, the term “in-line” when used in reference to a filter assembly,is meant to indicate a type of filter assembly, (in contrast to an“in-tank filter assembly”) in which the filter assembly is positioned inone or more liquid flow lines. Thus, the filter head receives liquid tobe filtered from a liquid flow line, directs liquid to be filteredthrough the filter assembly, receives the filtered liquid from liquidfilter assembly, and then directs filtered liquid back into the liquidflow line. In contrast to “in-tank” filter assemblies, here the liquidfilter assembly is not typically mounted to with a housing projectinginto a reservoir configured to pass liquid directly into, or from, theliquid reservoir.

A. A First Example Assembly, FIGS. 20-28

It is noted that the features of FIGS. 20-28 are generally as describedin U.S. Ser. No. 61/211,586.

Attention is first directed to FIG. 20, a top perspective view depictingan in-line filter assembly 200 comprising a manifold 201 with a filterhead 202 thereon. Removably secured to the filter head 202, in anoperable orientation, is provided a filter assembly 205. The filterassembly 205 depicted comprises a bowl/cartridge assembly 206. Thebowl/cartridge assembly 206 generally comprises an outer housing or bowl208, and an interiorly received filter cartridge 210 not viewable inFIG. 20; see FIGS. 21 and 22 below.

It is noted that the assembly 205 can be configured so that thecartridge 210 can not be removed from the housing or bowl 208. However,in typical applications, the principles herein will be practiced withbowl/cartridge assemblies, wherein the cartridge 210 is configured as areplacement part, to be removed from the housing or bowl 208 forservicing.

In general terms, the filter assembly 205 is mounted on the filter head202, to receive liquid to be filtered directed from the filter head 202into the assembly 205, and to direct filtered liquid back into thefilter head 202, to be directed through the liquid system involved. Itis noted that the manifold 201 and filter head 202 can be configuredwith a variety of inlet port arrangements and outlet port arrangements.

Attention is now directed to FIG. 21, in which filter assembly 205 isdepicted separated from filter head 202. It can be seen, referring toFIG. 21, that assembly 205 is indeed a bowl/cartridge arrangement 206comprising the outer housing 208 and an internally received, removableand replaceable, service cartridge 210. It is noted that housing 208 isprovided with a first end 211 which includes an engagement mechanism 212for mounting on the filter head 202. In the example depicted, theengagement mechanism 212 comprises a threaded arrangement 213. For theparticular assembly 205 depicted, the threaded arrangement 213 comprisesouter threads, although in some alternatives, housing 208 can beconfigured with inner threads. In some arrangements, the first end 211will be provided with a seal member such as an o-ring, for example,although alternatives are possible, to provide for sealing engagementwhen mounted on the filter head 202.

The particular filter assembly 205, again, is configured as abowl/cartridge assembly 206 with cartridge 210 removable and replaceablewithin interior 208 i of bowl 208, during servicing. In FIG. 22,cartridge 210 is shown removed from bowl 208.

Referring to FIG. 22, cartridge 210 comprises a media pack includingfilter media 215 surrounding and defining an open filter interior 215 i,not viewable in FIG. 22, see FIG. 25.

Still referring to FIG. 22, media 215 extends between opposite ends 215u, 215 l. At end 215 l is provided an end construction 217. The endconstruction 217 is generally a closed end cover, and can optionally beprovided with a bypass valve arrangement thereon, analogous to bypassvalve arrangements 67, FIG. 6. This will be understood from furtherdiscussions below, related to FIG. 25.

Provided at opposite end 215 u of the media 215 from end construction217, is open end construction 220. The end construction 220 can, forexample, be generally analogous to end construction 65 of FIG. 6.Referring to FIG. 22, end construction 220 comprises flange 221, outerrim 222 and central projection 225. Projection 225 comprises aprojection or spigot defining a flow aperture 226 therethrough, allowingflow communication with interior 215 i. Outer surface 227 of projectionor spigot 225 includes (bump-out) radially outwardly projectingprojection 229 generally analogous to (bump-out) radially outwardlyprojecting projection 141, FIG. 14. Positioned around outer surface 227is a seal member 230 configured and positioned to form a seal with aportion of the filter head 202, when installed. The particular sealmember 230 depicted, is an o-ring 231, although alternatives arepossible as discussed above.

Still referring to FIG. 22, it can be seen that seal member 230 definesa seal pattern extending at an angle non-orthogonal to the central axisX passing through the cartridge 210. The acute angle of the plane ofseal member 230 relative to the plane orthogonal to a central axis 233,is typically at least 5° usually at least 7°, and typically not morethan 40° and usually not more than 30°, although alternatives arepossible.

In general terms, the end construction 220 can be analogous to end cover65, FIG. 6 and if the sizes and proportions are appropriate for theinstance of use intended, an identical end construction to can be usedfor end construction 220.

In FIG. 23, a fragmentary perspective view of a portion of FIG. 22 isdepicted. Here the cartridge 210 has been rotated somewhat relative tothe view of FIG. 22, leaving the bump-out 229 out of view. It is notedthat along interior 225 i of spigot or projection 225, no concave orbump-out portion is viewable. This is an indication that example endcover 220 depicted is a molded part, from plastic. The end cover 220could be made from pressing metal, in which case there may be a bump-outrecess along a portion of interior surface 225 i corresponding to(bump-out) projection 229.

In FIG. 24, a top plan view of cartridge 210 is depicted. It is notedthat line 25-25 provides a definition for the cross-sectional viewdepicted schematically in FIG. 25.

Referring to FIG. 25, it can be seen that the cartridge 210 includes anoptional bypass valve assembly 237 generally analogous to bypass valveassembly 67, discussed above.

Also referring to FIG. 25, internal perforated core 240, around whichthe media 215 is positioned is viewable.

It can be seen that cartridge 210 has features generally analogous tocartridges 50 and 150 discussed above, except for the absence of certainflanges or collars. Also, for the example depicted, the cartridge 210 isused with spigot or projection 225 projected upwardly, rather thandownwardly as for the examples of cartridges 50 and 150. It is notedthat vertical orientation is a matter of convenience for the particularmanifold and filter head system involved. With a bowl/cartridge assembly206, typically the open end of the bowl 208 will be directed upwardly,so that as the bowl 208 is removed, the cartridge 210 does not fall outand oil does not leak.

To facilitate operation of the bypass valve assembly 237, endconstruction 217 includes a lower surface 217 l with projectionarrangement 217 p thereon, to support a remainder of the endconstruction 217 above a bottom of housing or bowl 208. It is noted thata biasing member such as a spring can be positioned between endconstruction 217 and a bottom of the housing or bowl 208.

For the assembly of FIGS. 20-22, the interaction between the cartridge210 and the filter head 202 can be configured to be analogous to thatbetween the cartridges and the collars for previously describedassemblies, to accomplish generally analogous results. This is depictedin FIGS. 26-28.

Referring first to FIG. 26, filter head 202 is depicted having mountingring 240 by which bowl or housing 208 is mounted to the filter head 202.The example ring 240 includes inwardly directed threads 241. Aspreviously described, alternate mounting arrangements can be used, forexample the housing or bowl 208 can be provided with inwardly directedthreads, and the ring 240 with outwardly directed threads.

In FIG. 26, a bottom perspective view of head 202 is provided, and endcover 220 is depicted in exploded view showing how alignment occurs.Referring to FIG. 26, filter head 202 includes central collar 245including a (bump-out) radially outwardly projecting projection 246.This provides a collar interior surface 247, with a (bump-out) receiverrecess 248 therein. The bump-out recess 248 is configured to receivebump-out or interference projection 229, to allow spigot or projection225 to be pushed fully upwardly into interior 247, during engagement.Analogously to previously described arrangements, proper engagement canonly occur when the cartridge 210 is in the proper rotationalorientation, otherwise interference between projection 229 and collar247 will occur.

Interior surface 247 of collar 245 is generally configured to provide asealing surface for seal member 246. Preferably collar 247 is configuredso that such a seal engagement is only secure, when the seal member 230is rotationally oriented properly, due to its slanted (seal patternnon-orthogonal to axis X) shape. In the example head 202 depicted,recess 249 is depicted at a location which will interfere with propersealing, unless the cartridge 210 in particular the seal member 230, isproperly configured and orientated.

Thus, for the particular example collar 245 depicted, when the cartridge210 is installed, seal member 230 passes over bump-out 246 and underslot 249.

In FIG. 27, a top perspective view of componentry analogous to FIG. 26is depicted. Thus, filter head 202 and end construction 220 aredepicted.

In FIG. 28, a cross-sectional view of the componentry depicted in FIGS.26 and 27 is provided. Here, again, filter head 202 and end construction220 are viewable aligned for proper engagement.

B. General Principles

In general terms, then, the features described above for the assembly ofFIGS. 20-28, depict how the principles described herein above withrespect to an in-tank assembly, can be used with an alternate in-lineassembly, to accomplish advantages. That is, it will be difficult toproperly assemble the bowl/cartridge onto the filter head, unless thecartridge is of a proper type, and unless the cartridge is appropriatelyrotationally oriented. This helps provide an assurance that thecartridge is a proper one for the system of use, and is properlyoriented for appropriate sealing. Further, the use of the slanted sealprovides advantage with respect to ease of initiating installation.

In general terms, a liquid filter cartridge is provided usable forinstallation, in use, to provide a removable seal engagement with aliquid flow collar of a liquid filter assembly. The liquid filtercartridge includes filter media surrounding an open filter interior. Thefilter media has first and second, opposite, ends and defines a centralaxis. The assembly includes a first, closed, end construction at a firstend of the filter media. This closed end construction can includeoptional bypass valve assembly therein, if desired.

A second end construction is positioned on the second end of the media.The second end construction is open, includes a central spigotprojecting away from the media and surrounding and defining a centralliquid flow aperture in liquid flow communication with the open filterinterior. A seal member is positioned on the spigot to define a sealpattern non-orthogonal to the central axis of the media. A member of aprojection/receiver rotational alignment arrangement is positioned onthe second end construction at a location to engage another member ofthe projection/receiver rotational alignment arrangement on a liquidflow collar, in selected rational alignment, in use. Typically, themember of the projection/receiver rotational alignment arrangementpositioned on the second end construction is a non-seal member; i.e.projection or receiver member that does not comprise a portion of theseal.

As with assemblies previously described, the seal member and the spigot(including a bump-out or projection) define a maximum extent ofprojection radially outwardly from the central axis that is no more thanthe media, typically no more than 80% of the maximum extension of themedia and usually no more than 60% of a maximum distance of an extensionof the media from the central axis. This means that the spigot and sealare relatively small, and can be used with filter head assemblies thatinclude many conventional prior art features.

It is noted that the bowl can be mounted on the filter head without acartridge in place. Assemblies have been developed to provide forinhibition of this, and some of these principles can be applied to thesystems described herein.

It is noted that the techniques described can also be applied when thecartridge is not removable from the bowl. However with such an assemblyit will be important to ensure that the cartridge can rotate relative tothe bowl, so that once the cartridge is positioned in proper engagementwith the liquid flow collar, the bowl can continue to rotate duringinstallation or removal.

III. Example Variations in Spigot and Collar Configuration

It is noted that FIGS. 29-33 are generally as described in U.S. Ser. No.61/211,586.

In FIGS. 29-33, some variations in collar/spigot configuration forengagement are depicted. In the example embodiments of FIGS. 29-33,these variations are depicted in componentry for a filter head and abowl/cartridge assembly generally analogous to the assembly of FIGS.20-28, described above. However it is noted that the same types ofvariations can be applied in a spigot/collar for an in-tank assembly,such as those described in FIGS. 2-19.

A. A First Variation, FIGS. 29-30

Referring to FIG. 29, an exploded bottom perspective view of componentsof a filter arrangement 254 is provided. The components depicted includean end construction 256 and a collar 257. The end construction 256 canbe used in place of end constructions 65 and 220, in FIGS. 4 and 22respectively; and, the collar portion 257 depicted can be used in placeof portions of collars 130 and 245, FIGS. 11 and 26.

For the particular filter arrangement 254 depicted, the collar portion257 is mounted on part of a filter head 263. However, the collar portion257 depicted, could be used as part of a collar in a housing of anin-tank filter assembly, such as those depicted in FIGS. 2-19.

Referring to FIG. 29, attention is directed to projection or spigot 260on end construction 257. The spigot 260 includes a notch or recess 261therein, directed axially toward the media (not viewed) from outer tip260 of spigot 260. It is noted that the spigot 260 could also include a(bump-out) radially outwardly projecting projection, for exampleanalogous to (bump-out) projection 246 discussed above.

Still referring to FIG. 29, collar section 257 includes a radiallyinwardly extending projection 265 sized and shaped to be received withinnotch 261, when spigot 260 is positioned inside of collar section 257.This provides for rotational securement and alignment of the coverconstruction 250, and thus the resulting cartridge, with collar 257.Preferably, the notch 261 and projection 265 are sized and shaped sothat once slightably engaged, the cartridge cannot rotate substantiallyrelative to the filter head.

In FIG. 30, a top perspective view of the componentry described isdiscussed. Here (bump-out) recess 270 on collar section 257 is viewable,oriented to receive (bump-out) radially outwardly projecting projection271 on spigot or projection 260. Also notch or recess 261 can be seen inspigot or projection 260. Also viewable is seal mount 275 extendingaround spigot 260. In typical use seal mount 275 would have a sealmounted thereon, for example an o-ring seal. It can be seen that theseal will pass over (bump-out) projection 271 (i.e. projection 271 andtip 260 t) and under notch 261 (i.e. between notch 261 and media).Alternately stated, the seal within seal mount 275 will pass between(bump-out) projection 271 and tip 260 t; and, will also pass betweennotch 261 and end flange portion 256 f of end construction 256.

In general terms, the variations described in FIGS. 29 and 30 depict howinstead of, or in addition to, a (bump-out) radially outwardlyprojecting projection, a notch can be used in a projection or spigot toaccomplish desirable rotational alignment. It further depicts how boththe bump-out and the notch can be used together.

B. Further Alternate Variations, FIG. 31-33

In each of the previously described embodiments, rotational alignmentbetween the appropriate end cover on the cartridge, and the appropriateliquid flow collar on either of the housing (for the in-tank variation)or the filter head (for the bowl/cartridge variations) is managed withfeatures on a spigot engaging features on an interior of the liquid flowcollar. It is noted that additional or alternate interferencearrangements can be used, to accomplish the desired rotationalorientation. An example of this is depicted in FIGS. 31-33.

Attention is first directed to FIG. 31. Here a top perspective view ofselected componentry of a filter assembly 280 is provided. Thecomponentry depicted is a filter head 281 and an end construction 282 ofa filter cartridge. It will be understood that other features may begenerally analogous to those described with respect to previouslydescribed embodiments of FIGS. 20-30. It will also be understood thatthe principles can also be applied when the end construction 282 isconfigured to engage a liquid flow collar of an in-tank assembly inaccord with FIGS. 2-19.

In FIG. 33, end construction 282 is depicted in top perspective view formore ready inspection. Referring to FIG. 23, end construction 282includes a flange 283, outer rim 284 and central projection or spigot285. The central projection or spigot 285 defines a flow aperturearrangement 288 therethrough, for liquid flow. The projection or spigot285 includes an interior surface 285 i and an exterior surface 285 xwith a seal arrangement 290 thereon.

The particular seal arrangement 290 depicted, is oriented and angledslanted (non-orthogonal) relative to a plane orthogonal to a centralaxis X through end construction 282 and the resulting cartridge. In thismanner the seal arrangement 290 is generally analogous to thosepreviously discussed. The seal arrangement 290 can comprise an o-ring290 o, although alternatives are possible.

Still referring to FIG. 33, the end construction 282 includes aninterference projection member 300. In this instance, the projectionmember 300 does not comprise a bump-out on outer surface 285 o. Rather,it comprises a portion of a collar 301 having a receiver gap 302 thereinat a location oriented to receive a (bump-out) radially outwardlyprojecting projection on a liquid flow collar therein, when endconstruction 282, and the resulting filter cartridge, is appropriatelyradially aligned relative to the liquid flow collar. The particular gap302 depicted is oriented for engagement with an outside of a bump-outanalogous to the bump-out 135, FIG. 14. With respect to this, attentionis directed to FIG. 32.

Referring to FIG. 32, on outer portion 310 of liquid flow collar 310 cis depicted with bump-out 311. The bump-out 311 depicted is generallytrapezoidal shaped, and analogous to bump-out regions 135 and 246, FIGS.14 and 28. It can be seen by comparing FIGS. 31, 32 and 33, that the endconstruction 282 will only properly seal with the interior surface 310 cof collar 310, if the cartridge is in appropriate rotational alignment,allowing bump-out 311 to be received within gap 302, FIG. 33. It willalso be understood that the seal 290 will engage surface 310 i abovebump-out 311 and below member 315.

It will be understood that the principles described in connection withFIGS. 31-33 can be applied in an in-tank arrangement, by usingappropriate features on the cartridge for engagement with appropriatefeatures on the collar in the bottom of the housing.

IV. Additional (Alternate) Assemblies, Features and ComponentVariations—FIGS. 34-75

It is noted that in FIGS. 34-75, some variations in assemblies,components and features from those described in U.S. Ser. No. 61/211,586are presented.

A. An Alternate In-line Assembly, FIGS. 34-53

The reference numeral 500, FIG. 34, designates an additional example ofan in-line assembly according to the present disclosure. The assembly500 includes a filter head 502 with a liquid filter assembly 505 mountedthereon. The filter head 502 includes a liquid flow inlet portarrangement 506, by which liquid to be filtered enters the filter head502. The filter head 502 also includes a liquid flow outlet portarrangement 507, by which filtered liquid leaves the assembly 500 andthe filter head 502.

In general terms, filter assembly 505 is removably mounted on filterhead 502. Typically, a threaded engagement is used, as discussed below.

In FIG. 35, a schematic cross-sectional view of the assembly 500 isdepicted. Filter assembly 505 can be seen as comprising: outer housingor bowl 510 and filter cartridge 511. The housing or bowl 510 includes asidewall 510 s having a first, open (in this example upper) end section510 u. The upper end 510 u includes a threaded section 510 t forreleasably securing the housing 510 to the filter head 502. For theparticular example assembly depicted, the threads 510 t surround anexterior of the sidewall 510 s adjacent, and spaced from, an end tip ofend section 510 u. That is, housing 510 has outer or outwardly directedthreads 510 t, although alternatives are possible.

The example housing 510 depicted further includes a housing bottom 510b, in the example depicted having an optional central aperture 510 dclosed by removable plug 510 p. In use, plug 510 p can be removed todrain housing 510. The plug 510 p is shown fit with a socket receiver510 r, for receiving a tool, to insert or remove the plug 510 p.

Attention is now directed to FIG. 36, in which a cross-sectional view ofa filter assembly 505 separated from filter head 502 is presented. Thecartridge 511 can be seen as comprising media 520 positioned inextension between a first end construction (end cap) 521 and a secondend construction (end cap) 522.

The first end construction 521, for the example system depicted, isgenerally directed downwardly, i.e. in a direction away from the filterhead 502, in installation. The depicted end construction 521 is closed,i.e. it has no aperture completely open to flow therethrough. In someapplications of the techniques described herein, end construction 521can be provided with an aperture therethrough, closed by a bypass valve.In still other applications of the techniques described herein, endconstruction 521 can be provided with an aperture therethrough, and withappropriate construction for sealing to a housing, to avoid undesirableleakage at that location. An example of such an open end cap or endconstruction, with a seal arrangement, is described in U.S. Ser. No.11/098,242, incorporated herein by reference. Such features can beadapted, for example, for use with the features of the presentdisclosure.

Second end construction 522 for the example depicted, comprises an openend construction, having a central aperture 524 therethrough, in fluidflow communication with an open end interior 525 of cartridge 511,around which media 520 extends.

Surrounding the cartridge 511, between the media pack 520 and the bowlsidewall 510 s, is provided annular region or flow annulus 527. Ingeneral terms, liquid to be filtered is directed into annulus 527 andpasses through the media 520 (with filtering) and into open region 525.From the open region 525 the filtered liquid passes outwardly fromcartridge 511 through aperture 524. This is, in general, an “out-to-in”flow with respect to the direction of flow through the cartridge 511. Itis established by providing annulus 527 in flow communication withliquid flow inlet arrangement 506, FIG. 34, and providing open interior525 in liquid flow communication with liquid flow outlet arrangement507, FIG. 34.

It is noted that the techniques described herein can be applied inarrangements designed for alternate flow, for example in-to-out flow,during filtering.

Still referring to FIG. 36, aperture 524 in end construction 522 issurrounded by a projection or spigot 530. The spigot 530 projects awayfrom media 520 and engages a portion of the filter head 502, when filterassembly 505 installed. The particular projection 530 depicted has anouter surface 530 x on which a seal member 531 is mounted, to form aradially outwardly directed radial seal. Mount 532 is shown in FIG. 36,for the seal arrangement 531. The typical seal arrangement would be ano-ring 531 o, although alternatives are possible.

Still referring to FIG. 36, end construction 522 includes a flexibleradial projection arrangement 535 thereon. The flexible radialprojection arrangement 535 provides for a releasable interferenceconnection between the cartridge 511 and the bowl or housing 510. Thus,in general terms, the radial projection arrangement 535 is sometimesreferred to herein as a (spring-loaded) housing-engagement projectionarrangement. This will be understood from the further description below.

For the particular example assembly depicted, the flexible radialprojection arrangement 535 comprises at least first and second spaced(in the example radially opposite) flexible tabs 537.

Attention is directed to FIG. 37, with respect to one of the tabs 537.Each of the flexible tabs 537 includes: a flex mount 538 which in theexample shown is a living hinge in tab 537; a radially outwardlydirected projection arrangement (or member) 539 and an actuator (free,handle) end or projection 540. The projection 539 is oriented andpositioned to project outwardly (radially) into receiver recess 545along an interior 510 i of housing 510, when the cartridge 511 isproperly installed. When actuator projection or end 540 is manipulatedto be flexed radially inwardly, by a service provider, projection member539 will be recessed radially (retracted) inwardly out of receiver orrecess 545. When this movement is made for both of the two tabs 537, thecartridge 511 can be separated from the housing 510. During installationof cartridge 511 into the housing 510, engagement between the projectionmember 539 and the housing sidewall 510 s can be used to deflect thetabs 537 radially inwardly, or manual deflection can be done, until thereceiving 545 is encountered and snap-fit occurs.

This type of engagement between the cartridge 511 and the housing 510provides conveniently that the housing 510 and cartridge 511 remainassembled to one another, until the service provider desires separation.Such an engagement uses some of principles related to these describedfor example in U.S. Pat. No. 7,556,155, incorporated herein byreference. However, it is advantageous.

In FIG. 38, an enlarged fragmentary view showing engagement betweenprojection member 539 and recess 545 is shown. The typical receiverrecess is a continuous groove. It is noted that the projection/receiverarrangement or snap-fit arrangement represented by flexible projectionarrangement 535 and receiver recess 545 can be applied in a variety ofliquid filter systems having alternate features to those describedherein. It is advantageous for the present system, since it allowsindependent rotation of the housing and cartridge, which is desirablewhen used with alignment arrangements as described herein.

Also viewable is o-ring 548, which comprises a seal member mounted ingroove 549, in sidewall 510 s, in an appropriate location to form a sealwith outer mounting ring 550 of head 502 during installation, FIG. 35.

In FIG. 35, sealing engagement between the o-ring 548 and the mountingring 550 is shown generally at 552, along an inner surface 550 i ofmounting ring 550, but above threads 553 therein.

In FIG. 39, cartridge 511 is depicted in perspective view toward endconstruction (cap) 522. The depiction is schematic. The media 520, forexample, can comprise pleated media.

Referring to FIG. 39, it is noted that around an outer periphery 521 oof end construction 521 are positioned optional spaced radialprojections 555. These optional projections provide centering in housing510. Optional projections 556 at outer periphery 522 o of endconstruction 522 also provide centering.

Attention is now directed to FIG. 40, in which individual componentparts to cartridge 511 are depicted in exploded view. At 557 a mediapack is depicted, comprising media 520. Around an outside of the media520, the media pack 557 includes adhesive 558 to help maintain mediapack integrity. It is noted that the media 520 can be provided inside ofan outer liner, if desired. Such a liner can comprise for example, aperforated structure as plastic or metal, or can comprise expandedmetal. Further, the media 520, for example when pleated, can bepositioned adjacent (pleated) sections of protective materials such as aplastic screen or net. (It is noted that in FIG. 40, optionalprojections 556, FIG. 39, are not shown).

Still referring to FIG. 40, when assembled the media pack 557 ispositioned around an inner liner 560. The inner liner 560 depicted,comprises a pair of inner liner halves 560 x, secured to one another.The halves 560 x can be identical to one another, if desired. Referringto FIG. 40, within the liner segments 560 x are provided cross-pieces560 p which provide radial strength.

In general terms, the inner liner 560 is a porous or perforated member,through which liquid can flow.

Still referring to FIG. 40, end constructions 521, 522 are viewable. Themedia pack 557 and inner liner 560 would typically be secured to the endconstructions 521, 522, for example by potting or with adhesive.

Still referring to FIG. 40, attention is directed to a non-seal member561 of a projection/receiver rotational alignment arrangement 562positioned on the end cap or end construction 521. It is oriented toengage another member of the projection/receiver rotational alignmentarrangement on a liquid flow collar, in use, to provide sealingengagement between the two at only selected (pre-selected) rotationalalignment. This is described in further detail below.

Attention is now directed to FIGS. 41-45, in which end construction orend piece 522 is depicted. The end piece 522 can be preformed, forexample from a plastic.

Referring to FIGS. 41-45, attention is directed to spigot or projection530. The projection or spigot 530 includes an end 566 (sometimes calleda free end) remote from the media pack 557 (FIG. 40) with which the endcap or end construction 522 is used. The end 566 does not include asurface that extends in a plane orthogonal to a central axis X of thecartridge 511 and aperture 524. In this manner, end 566 differs fromends of the projections or spigot 225, FIG. 22.

Referring to FIGS. 41-45, for the particular preferred examplearrangement depicted, end 566 extends generally in a plane (Y) notorthogonal to central axis X, but rather extending at an acute angle toa plane orthogonal to axis X of at least 5°, typically at least 40°, andusually within the range of 5°-20°, inclusive, (typically 7°-15°,inclusive). The slant to surface end 566 allows, among other things, forclearance of structure in which bypass valve 580, discussed below, ismounted.

Still referring to FIGS. 41-45, attention is now directed to the mount532 for a seal member 531, in the example comprising o-ring 531 o, FIG.40. The seal member 531 extends at an angle non-orthogonal to centralaxis X. The particular example arrangement is depicted with the mount532 for seal member 531 extending at an acute angle to a plane Yorthogonal to central axis X of at least 5°, typically not more than40°, often within the range of 5°-20°, inclusive, and typically withinthe range of 7°-15°, inclusive.

It is noted that for the particular example arrangement depicted, thenon-orthogonal angle of the seal 531 and mount 532 is the same as thenon-orthogonal angle of the end 566, although alternatives are possible.

Referring still to FIGS. 41-45, attention is directed to a first member561 of the projection/receiver rotational alignment arrangement 562,which is positioned on end member 522. Member 561 generally includes thefollowing two portions or features: a first axial alignment interferenceportion 563 (FIG. 42) and a second radial alignment interference portion564. Operation of these portions to achieve a desired alignment effectis discussed below in connection with FIGS. 46-49. In the examplearrangement depicted, the axial alignment interference portion 563 canbe characterized as a radial fin member, adjacent to and projectingradially outwardly from, spigot 530 in a direction toward an outerperimeter of end construction 522, typically only partially toward thatouter perimeter.

Attention is first directed to FIG. 46, a view generally analogous toFIG. 34, but with portions broken away to show internal detail. Also inFIG. 46, housing 510 is shown partially positioned on head 502, i.e.during a step of mounting housing 510 in place by engagement of thethread engagement between the two.

In FIG. 47, an enlarged fragmentary view of a selected portion of FIG.46 is provided. In the portion viewable in FIG. 47, member 561 on endpiece 522 (of cartridge 511) is viewable. Also viewable is a portion ofcollar member (flow collar) 570 of filter head 502. Collar member 570generally surrounds and defines a liquid flow passageway within thefilter head 502. The particular liquid flow passageway defined by flowcollar 570, is an outlet flow passageway through which filtered liquidis transported from cartridge interior 525 to liquid flow outlet 507.Further, member 570 defines an inner seal surface for engagement withseal arrangement 531, to provide for a seal between cartridge 511 andfilter head 502, during mounting.

Referring again to FIG. 47, the inner ring or flow collar 570 has anouter surface 570 x with a radial alignment (radially outwardlyprojecting) projection member 571 thereon. The radial alignmentprojection member 571 is configured to work in conjunction with radialalignment member 564, to ensure that the cartridge 511 is appropriatelyradially (rotationally) aligned relative to the filter head 502, in aselected rotational orientation, to allow preferred engagement. It isalso noted that the flow collar 570 includes a receiver, notch or gap573 therethrough, which operates as an axial alignment receiver memberwith axial alignment member 561, to facilitate alignment and engagementbetween the cartridge 510 and the conduit ring member 570.

In particular, and referring to FIGS. 46 and 47, as the housing 510 isrotated, to mount filter assembly 505 on filter head 502, the cartridge511 is rotated and moved axially toward flow collar 570. As thecartridge 511 is moved toward flow collar 570, in due course, projectionor spigot 530 begins to be inserted into flow collar 570. Eventually,the cartridge 511 will move axially sufficiently far for engagementbetween axial alignment portion 563 (on cartridge 511) and lower edge570 e of flow collar 570, unless portion 563 is aligned with receiver,or notch 573. Thus, unless axial alignment projection 563 isrotationally aligned with receiver 573, the cartridge 511 cannot bemoved into a completely installed, sealed, engagement with the filterhead 502. Also, once fully installed, the cartridge 511 cannot berotated significantly, relative to the flow collar 570.

Proper alignment between the axial alignment projection 563 andreceiver, notch or gap 573 will occur, when forward abutment surface 575of radial alignment projection 562 (on cartridge 511) abuts or alignswith (i.e. moves into juxtaposition with) rear abutment alignmentsurface 576 of radial alignment projection alignment 571 (on conduit570). In FIG. 47, surfaces 575, 576 are not shown in proper alignmentRather, surface 575 is shown rotated, counter-clockwise (when viewingdown on cartridge 511) past surface 576. Cartridge 510 would have to berotated nearly a complete rotation relative to the view shown in FIG. 47(counter-clockwise when viewed downwardly) for alignment to occur, whichrotation would occur during threading of housing 510 in place.

In FIG. 47, at 575 x, buttresses to strengthen fin 563 and surfaces 575are shown.

In general terms, the member 561 of a projection/receiver arrangement onthe second end construction 522 can be characterized as including aradially directed fin member 563 positioned and extending in a directionbetween the central spigot 530 and an outer perimeter of the second endconstruction. This member of the projection/receiver arrangement can becharacterized as having a radial alignment abutment member 564 having anabutment surface. The radial abutment member defines a collar receivinggap (to receive flow collar 570) between a portion of the radialabutment member and a portion of the spigot, the collar-receiving gapbeing traversed by the radial fin member at a location between the gapand the media pack. Further, the radial abutment member, in the exampledepicted, at least projects to a highest location above at least alowest portion the seal arrangement 531.

Attention is now directed to FIGS. 48 and 49, for further understandingof the alignment arrangement. In FIG. 48, a fragmentary schematic viewshowing approximately the same alignment as shown in FIG. 47 isdepicted. Here, one can see that the tab or projection 563 is positionedjust to the right of projection 571. It is noted that a lower end 571 eof projection 571 tapers upwardly away from surface 576. It is alsonoted that an upper end 562 e of projection 562 tapers downwardly awayfrom surface 575; i.e. to need the media pack. Tapering of ends 571 eand 562 e for the example shown, is generally at the same angle, in eachcase an acute angle of about 30-60°, inclusive, usually 40-50°,inclusive, although alternatives are possible. Thus, as the housing 510continues to rotate in the direction of arrow A, and to axially move inthe direction of arrow B, surfaces 562 e, 571 e, if they engage, willtend to slide adjacent to one another, and avoid jamming. Eventually,the rotational alignment of FIG. 49 will occur, in which surface 575(moves into juxtaposition with) abuts surface 576. At this point, thecartridge 511 will no longer rotate, as the housing 510 is rotated, dueto the interference between surfaces 575 and 576. The interference tomovement occurs right where projection 563 (FIG. 47) aligns with notch573. Thus the cartridge 510 can continue to move in the direction ofarrow B, upwardly moving projection 563 into notch 573, and in generalmoving conduit projection 530 into an interior of flow collar 570. Thiswill move the seal arrangement on the projection 530 into sealingengagement with an seal inner surface of flow collar 570.

It is noted that within flow collar 570 there will typically bepositioned a downwardly directed abutment shelf that is configured(slanted) to mate with surface 564, FIG. 41. Such a mating would only bepossible when surface 564 is in a single accepted rotational alignmentwith respect to the abutment shelf within flow collar 570. This abutmentshelf is described further below in connection with FIGS. 51-53.

Referring now to FIG. 50, an exploded view of housing 510 is depicted.Componentry viewable in FIG. 50 includes: housing 510; plug 510 p; sealring 510 q; seal ring 548; and, dust seal 578. Threaded region 510 t onhousing 510 is viewable.

In FIG. 51, an exploded view of filter head 502 is depicted. In FIG. 51,components of a bypass valve arrangement 580 comprise valve member 581and spring biasing member 582 are shown. The bypass valve arrangement580 is positioned to allow direct flow from inlet arrangement 506 tooutlet arrangement 507, when the control or biasing pressure valvearrangement 580 is overcome.

In FIG. 52, a cross-sectional view of filter head 502 is viewable.Bypass valve 580 can be seen as providing for fluid flow communicationbetween inlet 506 and 507, when the biasing pressure of spring 582 isovercome, by allowing head 581 a of valve member 581 to bias away fromsurface 585.

Referring to FIG. 52, at 590 is provided the abutment or alignmentsurface which also slants at an acute angle to a plane orthogonal tocentral axis X, to align with end 564. In general at 591, is positioneda seal surface for seal member 531 on cartridge 511. It is noted thatsurface 591 is typically cylindrical and circular in a axial projection.

In FIG. 53, an enlarged fragmentary view of a portion of FIG. 52 isshown. In general bypass valve 580 is viewable.

B. A Variation in Selected Seal Size Definition, to Advantage

In U.S. 2005/0224407, incorporated herein by reference, principlesdescribed in which a seal member can be positioned preferably so thataxial forces on an associated cartridge are modified to advantage.Indeed, in that reference, liquid forces on opposite sides of an end capcan be brought into a balance or approximate balance, by appropriatelylocating the seal. Such principles can be applied in connection withseal arrangements that are defined in plane that extend at an acuteangle relative to a plane orthogonal to a central axis of the cartridge.An example of such an arrangement is depicted in FIGS. 54-56.

Attention is first directed to FIG. 54. Here, an end piece 600 isdepicted having a projection or spigot 601 thereon terminating in an end602. The depicted end 602 extends at an angle relative to a planeorthogonal to central axis X, generally analogous to surface 564discussed above.

Seal member 605 is shown also extending at an angle relative to a planeorthogonal central axis X, generally analogously to seal member 531 o.

In FIG. 55, a top plan view of the end member 600 is depicted. It can beseen that in plan view, the seal member 605 can be seen to define anouter perimeter 605 p.

In the typical arrangement according to the present disclosure, as shownin the various examples depicted herein, an axial projection and outerperimeter of the seal member generally defines a circular pattern, tomate with a cylindrical service that in axial projection also defines acircular perimeter. This allows the seal member 605 on the spigot 601 torotate in the flow collar, when needed, for example during installation.The circular seal perimeter 605 p, for the various seals describedherein, can be characterized as defining a seal diameter D.

In FIG. 56, seal member 605 is shown in cross-section, on spigot 601. Itcan be seen that the seal diameter for the example depicted, is largerthan inner aperture or inner pleat diameter, indicated generally 607 andsmaller than an outer end piece perimeter or pleat diameter indicated ata location generally 608. Typically, the seal diameter D when viewed inprojection, FIG. 55, will be such that it is located at least 5% acrossthe end construction 600 between an inner pleat diameter location 607and an outer pleat diameter location 608 and preferably it is such that,in accord with the characterization of U.S. 2005/0224407, the sealdiameter D_(s) will be at a location corresponding to about 0.85-1.2D_(b), typically at least 0.9 D_(b), usually at 0.95 D_(b) and often0.98 D_(b) or larger. Herein, D_(b) is meant to refer to a seal diameterat which liquid forces on opposite sides of end construction 600 are inbalance, in accord with U.S. 2005/00224407.

It is noted that in construction 600 there is not shown a rotationalalignment arrangement. Any of the arrangements described herein can beused in connection with the configuration of end construction 600. Theschematic views of FIGS. 54-56, with respect to end construction 600,were primarily meant to indicate how with a slanted seal constructionsuch as that defined herein, can be configured to use the forcebalancing principles described in U.S. 2005/0224407.

C. An Additional Inline Variation, FIGS. 57-66

Another variation in the application of the principles described herein,in an in-line filter assembly, is depicted herein in connection withFIGS. 57-66.

Referring first to FIG. 57, at 650, a liquid filter arrangement isdepicted, in bottom perspective view. The arrangement 650 comprises amanifold 652 including a filter head 653; and, a separable liquid filterarrangement or assembly 655. The assembly 655 can be separated from thefilter 653, for servicing.

In FIG. 58, a top perspective view of arrangement 650 is depicted. Flowport arrangement 657 is viewable. Arrangement 657 indicates where liquidflow lines can be attached to the filter head 653.

In FIG. 59, a schematic cross-sectional view of the assembly 650 isprovided. Upon examination of FIG. 59, one can see that liquid filterassembly 655 comprises housing 660 and internally received filtercartridge 661. The housing 660 is removably secured to mounting collar663 on filter head 653. The mounting collar 653, for the arrangementdepicted, has internal threads 664; and, the housing 660 has externallydirected threads 665, for engagement. Alternate arrangements arepossible.

Attention is now directed to FIGS. 60-62, in which the housing 660 isviewable. Referring first to FIG. 60, in which the housing 660 is shownin cross-sectional view, it can be seen that the housing 660 comprisesmounting ring 670 and housing sidewall 671. The mounting ring 670includes: external threads 665, central aperture 672; and, seal mount673. For the example housing 660 depicted, the seal mount 673 comprisesan o-ring receiving groove 673 g. A seal positioned within the o-ringsealing groove 673 g would be oriented to seal to mounting ring 663,FIG. 54, during mounting.

The housing sidewall 671 includes a side portion 671 s and a bottom 671b. The sidewall 671 can be secured to the ring 670, for example, bywelding.

In bottom 671 b is provided a nut plate 671 c engageable by a tool tofacilitate mounting and dismounting housing 660 from filter head 653.

In FIG. 61, an enlarged fragmentary view, showing a joint between thesidewall 671 and the ring 670 is depicted.

In FIG. 62, a bottom perspective view of the housing 660 is provided.Along the bottom 671 b, one can see nut plate 671 c

In FIGS. 63-66, filter cartridge 661 is viewable.

Attention is first directed to FIG. 63, in which an outlet endperspective view of cartridge 661 is provided. In general, the cartridge661 comprises a media pack 680 including media 681 surrounding anddefining an open filter interior 682. The media 681 is shown extendingbetween first and second opposite end caps or end constructions 684,685. For the example depicted, end construction 684 is closed, butincludes a bypass valve arrangement therein, discussed below. End cap685 is open, having central aperture 688 extending therethrough, influid flow communication with open interior 682.

Positioned on end cap 685, and extending in a direction away from endcap 684, is provided projection or spigot 690. Projection or spigot 690surrounds and defines an open interior 691 in fluid flow communicationwith interior 682. On exterior surface 690 x of spigot 690 is included aseal arrangement 693. A variety of arrangements can be used for sealarrangement 693. The particular seal arrangement 693 depicted, comprisesan o-ring seal 695 positioned within a groove 696.

The o-ring 695, and in general with seal 693 is oriented in a planeextending generally at an acute angle to a plane orthogonal to centralaxis X of cartridge 661. The acute angle is typically at least 5°,usually not greater than 40°, and typically within the range of 5°-20°,inclusive, usually within the range of 7°-15°, inclusive.

It is noted that the projection or spigot 690 has an end 690 e remotefrom the media pack 680 which in general defines a plane orthogonal tocentral axis X. In an alternative example, end 690 e, for example can beprovided with a beveled definition, for example, analogous to that forend 564, FIG. 41.

Attention is now directed to FIG. 64, a plan view of cartridge 661 takengenerally directed toward end construction 685. Here projection 700projecting radially away from central axis X and surface 690 s can beseen. The projection 700 operates as a first non-seal member of aprojection/receiver rotational alignment arrangement for the assemblyarrangement 655. A second member is positioned on the filter head 653.The second member, for example, can be generally as described anddepicted herein above.

Attention is now directed to FIG. 65, a side elevational view ofcartridge 661, with portions broken away to show internal detail andother portions depicted in fragmentary. Referring to FIG. 65, the media681 can be seen surrounding inner liner 705. The inner liner 705 is apermeable or perforate member through which liquid cam flow. In theexample depicted, the liner 705 comprises a spiral around perforatedliner 706.

Referring to FIG. 63-65, it will be understood that the seal arrangement695 is configured to pass above projection member 700, i.e. so thatprojection member 700 is positioned between the seal arrangement 695 andthe media pack 681. This helps ensure that unless the projection member700 is aligned appropriately with the receiver in the filter head, thecartridge 661 cannot be fully installed.

In FIG. 66, a bottom plan view of cartridge 661 is provided. A pluralityof axial spacers projections, radially spaced from one another is shownat 710. The projections 710 are also viewable in FIG. 65 and comprisesspacers.

Referring again to FIG. 65, it can be seen that end cap 682 has anaperture 715 therethrough, closed by a bypass valve arrangement 716,comprising a valve head 717 biased in place by a biasing arrangement 718surrounded by valve frame 719. For the example arrangement depicted, thebypass valve arrangement 716 uses, as a biasing member 718, spring 718s.

The cartridge 661 is generally configured for out-to-in flow duringfiltering, as shown by arrows 720. Thus, should the pressure outside ofthe cartridge reach a sufficiently high level, valve member 717 will bebiased away from aperture 717 opening the aperture 715 to flow of liquidtherethrough, bypassing the media 681. This could occur, for example, ifthe media 681 becomes sufficiently occluded.

D. An Additional Example of a Variation in an Intank Arrangement, FIGS.67-73

Attention is first to FIG. 67. In FIG. 67 at 750 is depicted an intankliquid filter assembly. The intank liquid filter assembly 750 includes afilter head 751, a housing 752 and a filter cartridge 753 receivedwithin the housing.

The filter head 751 includes a liquid flow inlet arrangement 755 and aliquid flow outlet arrangement 756. Liquid to be filtered then entersthrough inlet arrangement 755 is directed into the housing 752, throughfilter cartridge 753; back into the liquid filter head 751 and outwardlythrough the liquid filter outlet arrangement 756. In this manner, theintank filter assembly 750 is analogous go the intank filter assembliespreviously described.

The housing 752 includes a lower flow aperture 758 analogous topreviously described in-tank assemblies.

In FIG. 67, at 759, is provided electrical communication betweenequipment such as a restriction pressure measurement device withinfilter head 751 and a remote location.

In general, liquid filter head 751 comprises a body 760 and a removablecover 761. When bolts 762 are loosened, cover 761, which serves as anaccess or service cover, can be removed from a remainder of filter head751, allowing for access to the internally received cartridge 753.

In FIG. 68-70, housing 752 and components thereof are viewable.

Referring first to FIG. 68, the side elevational view is provided, withportions broken away and showing cross-sections. Housing 752 includes abody portion 765 defining an upper rim 766, surrounding an opening; and,a low housing bottom 767. Positioned within housing bottom 767 is a sealadapter or flow collar 768, analogous to flow collars previouslydescribed, except as detailed below.

In FIG. 69, a cross-sectional view is provided at right angles to theview of FIG. 68. Flow collar 768 can be seen as having an outwardprojection 770. The outward 770 can be generally analogous to that ofthe previously described in-tank assemblies.

Attention is now directed to FIG. 70, in which flow collar 768 is shown.It can be seen that projection 770 provides a receiver space 775comprising a portion of a non-seal projection/receiver arrangement. Alsoalong inner surface 768 i member 768 defines a seal region or sealengagement region. It is noted that opposite projection 770 is providedmember 780 (in this example a projection) which is positioned to inhibitsealing by a seal member at that location. The flow collar 768 cancomprise a metal tube, machined where sealing is to occur. At 781, aweld seam is shown.

Attention is now directed to FIG. 71, a side elevational view ofcartridge 753 is provided with portions broken away to show internaldetail.

Referring to FIG. 71, cartridge 753 includes a media pack 770 extendingbetween first and second end construction 771, 772. The media pack 770generally comprises media 775 for example pleated media, surrounding anddefining an open filter interior 776. For the example depicted, themedia 775 surrounds an inner liner 777 which is perforate or porous. Theexample liner depicted comprises a spiral around perforate member,although alternatives are possible.

It is noted that when cartridge 753 is installed, end cap 773 isdirected downwardly and end cap 772 upwardly, i.e. the oppositeorientation shown in FIG. 71. End construction 773 includes projectionor spigot 790 which surrounds and defines a flow passageway withinterior 776. The spigot 790 has an outer surface 790 s on which ispositioned a seal arrangement 791. In the example depicted the sealarrangement 791 comprises an o-ring positioned in receiving groove 792and positioned in a plane generally not parallel to a plane orthogonalto central axis X. Typically, the acute angle of extension will be atleast 5°, usually not more than 40°, typically within the range of5°-20°, and usually 7°-15°, inclusive.

Attention is also directed to end cap 772, which is a closed endconstruction, closed by a bypass valve arrangement 795 which can begenerally analogous to previously described bypass valve arrangementscomprising valve member 796 secured in place by biasing arrangement 797,i.e. spring 798, mounted within frame 799.

Attention is now directed to FIG. 72, in which a fragmentary perspectiveview of a selected portion of cartridge 753 is provided. In FIG. 72,spigot or projection 790 can be seen as having a radial projection 800thereon. The projection 800 comprises a second non-seal member of aradial alignment projection/receiver arrangement. It is sized andconfigured so that projection 790 can only be pushed into flow collar768, when projection 800 is radially aligned with receiver 770, FIG. 70.When this occurs the seal arrangement 791 is appropriately aligned forsealing with surface 768. In general, then, the radial alignmentprojection/receiver arrangement is analogous to that described above inconnection with previous embodiments.

In FIG. 73, a plan view of end member 772 is provided.

E. Selected Additional Variations, FIGS. 74, and 75

In FIG. 74, a variation from the arrangement of FIG. 15 is depicted.Here, collar 850 has, an outer surface 850 x with projection 860. Theprojection 860 helps ensure that a seal member cannot be positionedaround outer surface 850 x of collar 850. This helps ensure that thecartridge used with collar 850 is the appropriate cartridge. Thisvariation then can be implemented with the embodiments other describedsquares.

In FIG. 75, a variation of FIG. 29 is depicted, to advantage. Inparticular, and referring to FIG. 75, at conduit member or flow collar881 are shown as having a notch, recess, or slot therein. This notch,recess, or slot prevents end surface 890 from being perceived as asurface against which a seal can be provided. This helps ensure that acartridge used with the filter head depicted in FIG. 75 is anappropriate cartridge. This feature can be implemented with any of theconfigurations characterized herein, if the notch, slot, or recess isappropriately positioned.

F. Example Dimensions

It is noted that in selected ones of FIGS. 34-75, some dimensions areindicated. The example dimensions provided in this section, are meant toindicate example dimensions of a usable system. Of course, thetechniques described herein can be applied in a wide variety of systemswith alternate features and dimensions. The example dimensions are asfollows: in FIG. 45, angle AA=at least 5°, typically at least 7°,usually not more than 40°, preferably not more than 20°, often no morethan 15°, and in the example shown 12°; in FIG. 59, AB=229 mm; AC=74 mm;AD=2.5 mm; AE=306.8 mm; AF=2.3 mm; and, AG=1 mm; in FIG. 60 AI=216.1 mm;AJ=240.6 mm; and, AK=129.9 mm; in FIG. 64, AN=104 mm; in FIG. 65, AL=227mm; and, AM=103 mm; in FIG. 67, AO=46.5 mm; AP=45 mm; AQ=40 mm; AR=10mm; AS=501 mm; AT=50 mm; and, AU=110 mm; in FIG. 68, AV=382 mm; and,AX=50 mm; in FIG. 71, AY=106.5 mm; AZ=23.5 mm; BA=354 mm; BB=95 mm; and,BC=7 mm.

V. Some General Comments and Observations

According to the present disclosure: liquid filter assemblies; featuresthereof; components for use in liquid filter assemblies; and, methodsfor assembly and use are described. In specific examples describedherein, example such componentry and features are described and depictedin detail. It is noted that there is no requirement that an assembly,method, feature or component include all of the features characterizedherein, in order to obtain some benefit in accord with the presentdisclosure. In addition, variations from the specific configurationsdescribed can be practiced, while obtaining at least some of thebenefits described herein.

According to first aspect of the present disclosure, a liquid filtercartridge is provided. The cartridge is generally configured for use, ininstallation, in removable sealing engagement with a liquid flow collarof a liquid filter assembly. By the term “removable sealing engagement”in this context, and variants thereof, it is meant that the filtercartridge is configured to engage the liquid filter collar with sealingtherebetween, but is also configured to be removed (separated) from theliquid flow collar, for example during a servicing operation, withoutdamage to either the liquid filter cartridge or the liquid flow collar.As will be understood from detailed descriptions presented herein withrespect to the examples, the liquid flow collar can be positioned in avariety of liquid filter systems, at a variety of locations.

In general terms, the liquid filter cartridge includes filter mediasurrounding an open filter interior. The filter media generally: definesfirst and second opposite ends; and, surrounds and defines a centralaxis. The filter media can be configured with a variety of perimetershapes, an example perimeter shape depicted herein being generallycylindrical. However, alternate shapes, for example conical or shapes ofnon-circular cross-section can be used with principles according to thepresent disclosure. The term “central axis” in this context, isgenerally meant to indicate an axis extending through the open filterinterior, and also through a housing with which the cartridge is used,in a direction between the opposite ends of the filter media.

The media can be a variety of types usable with liquid filteroperations. The media can be pleated or non-pleated. The media can bepositioned around a central support core, typically a perforated orperforate core for liquid flow therethrough, if desired. The media canbe provided with an outer liner if desired.

In general, the liquid filter cartridge includes a first endconstruction at the first end of the filter media. The first endconstruction can be configured, for example, as an end cap over thefirst end of filter media. The first end cap will typically be closed.The first end construction can include a bypass valve assembly thereonconfigured to selectively open to allow liquid flow into the open filterinterior, through the end construction, without passage through thefilter media, when a selected bypass condition is met. A typicalselected bypass condition, for example, would be when the pressuredifferential across the media is sufficiently great, so that bypass flow(around the media) is desired. The bypass may be desirable, for example,during over-pressurization across the media normally caused by coldstarts or excessive contaminant. The bypass protects the media againstdamage, and also protects the equipment involved.

A second end construction is positioned at the second end of the media.The second end construction can also be configured as an end cap,sealingly secured to the second end of the media.

The second end construction is generally open. By this it is meant thatthe second end construction includes a liquid flow passagewaytherethrough, providing for liquid flow communication between the openfilter interior and an exterior environment, without passage through themedia. In general, the second end construction includes a central spigotor projection projecting away from the media and surrounding anddefining a central liquid flow aperture in liquid flow communicationwith the open filter interior.

A seal member is positioned on the spigot. Preferably the seal member isa radial seal that defines a seal pattern non-orthogonal to a centralaxis of the media. By the term “seal pattern non-orthogonal to thecentral axis of the media” and similar terms, it is meant that the sealmember does not provide for radial sealing in a shape that can bedefined by a plane orthogonal to the central axis. For example when theseal pattern is planar, the plane defined by the seal would be generallyextend at an angle to a plane orthogonal to the central axis. Althoughalternatives are possible, that angle typically is at least 5° usuallyat least 7° and is typically not more than 40° and usually not more than20°. The seal member will typically be a radial seal, and can either beinwardly or outwardly directed. In examples depicted, the seal isoutwardly directed, i.e. configured so that it forms a radial seal witha structure, when inserted inside of that structure. Alternates arepossible.

A variety of arrangements can be used to form the seal. Exampleassemblies described herein are configured with a seal comprising ano-ring. However alternatives, for example molded-in-place seals, arepossible. O-rings are convenient, for ease of assembly and use.

Typically, the seal arrangement or seal member on the spigot isconfigured to define a circular perimeter definition in (axial)projection. By this it is meant that a projected perimeter of the sealmember, when viewed in the direction of a central axis, is circular.

In general terms, the second end construction includes a member of aprojection/receiver rotational alignment arrangement positioned on thesecond end construction at a location to engage another member of theprojection/receiver rotational alignment arrangement on a liquid flowcollar, in selected rotational alignment, in use. By these terms,reference is made to a projection/receiver rotational alignmentarrangement in an overall assembly in which the liquid filter cartridgeis used. A member of that projection/receiver arrangement (i.e. aprojection member or a receiver member) is provided on the second endconstruction of the cartridge. The other member of theprojection/receiver arrangement (i.e. the receiver member or theprojection member) is included in liquid flow collar of the assembly inwhich the liquid filter cartridge is used. In general terms, theprojection/receiver rotational alignment arrangement is an arrangementthat allows for engagement of the projection/receiver, only when therotational orientation of the cartridge relative to the liquid filtercartridge is in a selected (i.e. preselected) orientation; i.e. theprojection/receiver members interfere and do not allow sealingengagement until selected rotational orientation occurs. Typically, theprojection/receiver rotational alignment arrangement is configured toallow sealing engagement only at one selected rotational orientation,however alternatives are possible.

It is noted that in an example, the projection/receiver rotationalalignment arrangement can include both a projection member and areceiver member on the spigot, matable with a receiver member and aprojection member, respectively, on the liquid flow collar.

Typically, the member of the projection/receiver rotational alignmentarrangement on the second end construction is a “non-seal member.” Bythis, it is meant the projection member is not part of the seal memberitself, or the pattern defined by the seal member, but rather is anotherstructure on the second end construction, for example a projection orreceiver.

Example liquid filter cartridges are described and depicted in which theseal member defines a maximum extent of projection radially outwardlyfrom the central axis that is no more than the maximum extent of themedia radially outwardly from the central axis, and typically is no morethan 80% of a maximum extent of projection of the media radiallyoutwardly from the central axis. This term is generally meant toindicate that the seal in any direction does not projection outwardlyfrom the central axis (in a direction perpendicular to the axis) furtherthan the media, typically no more than 80% of a distance in which themedia extends. Often the amount of this seal extension is no more than60% of this amount of media extension. A similar observation is made forthe typical spigot, including any projection thereon. This means thatthe radial extensions of the spigot and seal can be small relative tothe cartridge media radial extension, and provide for advantageous usein a variety of equipment including in-tank assemblies and in-lineassemblies involving housing secured to filter heads. Such arrangementsare also convenient to manufacture.

The member of the projection/receiver arrangement on the central spigot,can be provided in a variety of configurations. One exampleconfiguration depicted, is an arrangement in which the member, sometimescharacterized as a bump-out or projection, is a radially outwardlyprojecting projection positioned on an exterior surface of the centralspigot. In an example depicted, a single such projection is used as themember. The projection is configured to inhibit insertion of the spigotinto the liquid flow collar, unless the spigot (and thus the cartridge)is rotated into an orientation in which the projection (bump-out) on thespigot is properly rotationally aligned with a receiver recess on theliquid flow collar. An example such (bump-out) projection is depicted,which is positioned spaced from an end of the central spigot. With suchan arrangement, the seal member can be configured with a portionextending across a portion of the spigot located between the (bump-out)projection and the end tip of the central spigot. Thus, a good seal isensured even in the presence of the (bump out) projection.

In an example depicted, the (bump-out) projection defines a perimeterwith two opposite sides that converge in extension toward the end tip ofthe central spigot. A particular example is depicted, in which these twoopposite sides extend between a base directed toward the media and anend, opposite the base, directed toward the end tip of the centralspigot. An example such perimeter shape is configured as a trapezoid ortrapezoidally-shaped member, wherein the base is wider than the end.Such features in the shape facilitate sliding engagement between thespigot and a liquid flow collar and a filter assembly.

An example alternate member of a projection/receiver on the second endconstruction is described and depicted. This example alternate comprisesa radial positioning collar positioned on the second end construction,which is oriented around the liquid flow collar, when the spigot isprojected into the liquid flow collar. The radial positioning collar inthe second flow construction includes a receiver gap therein, ofappropriate size to allow for radial alignment with a projection on anexterior of the liquid flow collar. Typically the receiver gap in thecollar on the second filter construction extends over a radial arc of atleast 30°, and typically not greater than 180°, although alternativesare possible.

A third example configuration of a member of a projection/receiverarrangement that can be positioned on the second end construction, is areceiver notch in the spigot positioned to extend from engagement(intersection) with an end tip on the spigot in a direction toward themedia. Such a notch can be used, for example, as a receiver to onlyreceive therein a projection member on the liquid flow collar, when thenotch is rotated into appropriate radial alignment therewith. It isnoted that the second end construction on the filter cartridge caninclude more than one member of a projection/receiver arrangement, ifdesired. Thus, some of the variations described can be used together ina single cartridge if desired.

Yet another example configuration of a member (of a projection/receiverarrangement) that can be positioned on the second end construction, is aradially directed fin member on the second end construction positionedextending in a direction between the central spigot and an outerperimeter of the second end construction. Typically, such a radiallydirected fin member would be secured to, and engage, the spigot, wouldbe directed toward the outer perimeter of the second end construction,but would not reach the outer perimeter of the second end construction.An example of such an arrangement is described, in which the member ofthe projection/receiver arrangement on the second end constructionincludes a radial alignment abutment member having an abutment surface.Further, the abutment in an example depicted, projects away from themedia pack a distance further than at least a portion of the seal memberclosest to the media pack, leaving a collar-receiving gap between aportion of the radial abutment member and a portion of the spigot, thecollar receiving gap being traversed by the radial fin member at alocation between the gap and the media pack.

Further, in an example depicted, the radial abutment member defines acam end remote from the media pack which is slanted from a peak,adjacent the abutment surface, toward the media pack; a cam end in anexample depicted slanting at an acute angle of at least 30° and not morethan 60°, and typically within the range of 40°-50°, inclusive.

In some example arrangements described herein, the central spigotincludes an end tip having an end surface non-orthogonal to the centralaxis of the media. In an example depicted, the end tip generally definesan abutment peak which extends at an acute angle to a plane orthogonalto the central axis. In examples described, the abutment plane of suchan arrangement extends at an abutment angle of at least 5° and not morethan 40°, relative to the plane orthogonal to the central axis,typically at an abutment within the range of 5°-20°, inclusive, andoften within the range of 7°-15°, inclusive.

Herein, an example second end construction is described which includesan outer perimeter having a housing-engagement radial projectionarrangement thereon. This arrangement can be used with other featuresdescribed herein, but is also suitable for the variety of types ofcartridges including ones not having may of the above describedfeatures. The housing-engagement radial projection arrangement comprisesa pair of spaced radially flexible tabs each having a radiallyoutwardly-directing projection arrangement thereon. Further, typicallyeach radially flexible tab has an upwardly directed, free, handle ormanipulation end positioned to be manipulable to retract the projectionarrangement radially inwardly. This can be used as a snap-fit engagementarrangement, between the liquid filter cartridge and a receiver recessarrangement in a housing, which the snap-fit arrangement can be readilydisengaged or released, by biasing the handle or free end radiallyinwardly.

In some assemblies, the spigot includes a free or remote end from themedia, which is not smooth and planar, for example which includes anotch therein.

In some assemblies, the filter cartridge can be used with a biasingmember such as a coiled spring, engaging the first end construction onan exterior thereof. Such an arrangement can be used as an alignment orlocator arrangement, to help ensure that the cartridge is properlyoriented when installed, and also as a biasing member to ensure that thecartridge remains in its intended use orientation within an assembly inwhich it is used. Further, in some instances such a member can be usedto provide an interference with closing of a liquid filter assembly,when the cartridge has not been rotated and sealed properly within theassembly.

Example filter cartridges are described, in which the first endconstruction includes a biasing member-receiving collar projecting in adirection away from the media and the second end construction. Thiscollar is oriented for receipt therein of a portion of the biasingmember. The collar can be configured with a end remote from the mediaflared outwardly, i.e. provided with a flare or flared and, tofacilitate receipt of a coiled spring biasing or locator member therein,when used.

In some instances, the biasing member, for example a coiled spring, canbe secured to the filter cartridge.

According to the present disclosure, a liquid filter assembly isprovided which includes a liquid filter cartridge, for example havingselected features described, and a liquid flow collar. The liquid flowcollar defines a central liquid flow passageway with a central axis, andhas a first member of a projection/receiver rotational alignmentarrangement positioned thereon. The liquid flow collar also includes ordefines a seal surface orientated to be sealingly engaged by the seal onthe liquid filter cartridge. The seal surface is generally configured todefine a seal pattern non-orthogonal to a central axis of the liquidflow collar. By this, an analogous definition to that used above todescribe the seal member itself, is meant. For example, the sealsurface, when configured to receive a radial seal, is oriented so thatthe seal pattern defined by that seal does not rest in a planeorthogonal to the central axis of the collar, but rather extends at anangle thereto, typically an angle with respect to a plane orthogonal tothe central axis of at least 5° typically at least 7°, usually no morethan 40° and typically no more than 20°. The seal surface is typicallycylindrical, with a circular definition in axial projection.

A liquid filter cartridge is installed in the liquid filter assembly inoperational engagement with the open filter interior of the filtercartridge, in liquid flow communication through the spigot on the secondseal construction, with the liquid flow collar central liquid flowpassageway; the seal member on the spigot in releasable sealingengagement with a seal engagement surface on a liquid flow collar; and,with the first member of the projection/receiver rotational alignmentarrangement on the liquid flow collar engaged with a member on theprojection/receiver rotational alignment arrangement on the second endconstruction, in selected rotational alignment between the cartridge andthe liquid flow collar. The configuration can be such that there is onlyone rotational alignment in which the sealing can occur, althoughalternatives, i.e. arrangements allowing for more than one possiblerotational alignment are possible with techniques described herein.

It is noted that the filter cartridge, and the overall assembly, can beconfigured for out-to-in flow during filtering. By this it is meant thatthe configuration is such that during filtering, the liquid to befiltered passes from outside the filter cartridge through the media tothe interior of the filter cartridge, with the aperture in the secondend construction being a filtered liquid flow outlet aperture. It is,however, noted that principles in accord with descriptions herein can beapplied in arrangements configured for “in-to-out” flow duringfiltering, in which case the liquid to be filtered flows from interiorof the cartridge through the media to the exterior of the cartridgeduring filtering, with the aperture or opening in the second endconstruction being a unfiltered liquid flow inlet aperture.

An assembly is described herein, in which the filter assembly includes ahousing, which has a receiver recess arrangement therein, and thecartridge is provided with the radial projection arrangement positionedat an outer periphery of the second end construction, comprising aflexible tab arrangement, for example at least two (spaced) radiallyflexible tabs, the tabs being snap-fit to the receiver recess and beingreleasable therefrom by manipulation of a free or handle end of thetabs. A typical receiver recess would be a continuous groove in asidewall of the housing, although alternatives are possible. Thesefeatures can be used in conjunction with other components describedherein, or can be separately used with alternate configurations ofcartridges, housings, and flow collars. Methods of assembly and use ofsuch snap-fit arrangement are also described.

As described herein above, principles described herein can be applied inan assembly in which the liquid flow collar is positioned on the housingof an in-tank filter assembly. By the term “in-tank filter assembly” andvariants thereof, reference is meant to an assembly in which filter headis mounted on an exterior of a reservoir tank, with a portion of thehousing projecting into the reservoir tank and allowing for liquid flowcommunication therewith.

It is also noted that the principles described herein can be applied inin-line filter assemblies (which are not in-tank filter assemblies). inwhich the assembly includes a liquid flow collar comprising a portion ofa liquid filter head that is not the filter head of an in-tank filterassembly, and the liquid filter cartridge is positioned in the housingof a filter arrangement removably secured to the liquid filter head, forexample by threaded engagement. Example such in-line assemblies includebowl/cartridge assemblies, in which the liquid filter cartridge isremovably positioned in a housing or bowl.

Variations described herein include: providing the seal member on anexterior surface of the spigot; providing that the spigot is sized toproject into the liquid flow collar; providing that the spigot includesa (bump-out) projection member on an outer surface thereof; providingthat the spigot is joined by a radial seal providing that the liquidflow collar includes a recess (for example an internal (bump-out)receiver recess) into which the (bump-out) projection member isreceived. The (bump-out) projection on the spigot can be as generallycharacterized as above with respect to size and overall shape. Also, aradial alignment arrangement comprising an abutment surface on each ofthe spigot and flow collar, is described; the surfaces being juxtaposedwhen selected radial alignment occurs.

In an example system descried herein, the assembly includes: a serviceaccess cover; and, a biasing member positioned in extension between thefirst end construction on the filter cartridge and the service accesscover. The biasing member can be a coiled spring secured to one of theaccess cover on the filter cartridge and biased against the other. Anadvantage can be obtained when the coiled spring is selected to be ofsufficient length and compression resistance, to inhibit closing of theaccess cover unless the seal on the spigot is properly sealed to theliquid flow collar. The biasing member can also be used as an alignmentmember to help maintain cartridge portion and alignment.

Certain specific overall assemblies, with advantageous features, aredepicted. For example a liquid filter cartridge configured forengagement and use with a liquid flow collar is described in which theliquid filter cartridge includes filter media surrounding an open filterinterior and a central perforate core. The filter media has first andsecond, opposite, ends and defines a central axis. The media can bepleated.

A first closed end construction is provided at the first end of themedia and a second open end construction is provided at the second endof the media, the second end construction comprising a central spigotprojecting away from the media and surrounding and defining a centralflow aperture in flow communication with the open filter interior. Aradial seal member is positioned on the central spigot defining a sealpattern around the spigot that is non-orthogonal to the central axis ofthe media. The seal member typically defines a maximum extent of radialoutward extension from the central axis that is no greater than, andtypically no more than 80% of, the maximum extent of the media radiallyoutwardly from the central axis; and, a (bump-out) projection member onthe an exterior of the spigot is configured to engage the liquid flowcollar in selected rational orientation between the cartridge and theliquid flow collar, in use.

An example liquid filter assembly is provided which includes such acartridge, and also a filter head assembly including a base andremovable access cover, the base having a lower aperture therein; and,the assembly including a housing sealed to the filter head and dependingdownwardly from the base, and through the lower aperture. The housingincludes a sidewall and an open end remote from the filter headassembly. A liquid flow collar is positioned at the open end of thehousing remote from the filter head assembly. The liquid flow collarincludes an inner surface defining a seal surface configured forremovable sealing with a seal on a filter cartridge defining a sealpattern non-orthogonal to a central axis in the housing. The liquid flowcollar also includes a (bump-out) receiver recess in the inner surface.The filter cartridge is operably positioned in the housing with a spigotprojecting into the liquid flow collar and in removable sealingengagement therewith and with a (bump-out) projection on the exterior ofthe spigot received in the (bump-out) receiver recess in the liquid flowcollar. Such an assembly is an in-tank assembly, and can be providedwith a coiled spring under compression in extension between the accesscover and the first closed end of the liquid filter cartridge. Further,the cartridge can include a bypass valve assembly on the first closedend construction.

In an alternative application the liquid filter assembly comprises anin-line assembly having a filter head including an outer mounting ringand a central liquid flow collar. The central liquid flow collarincludes an inner surface defining a liquid flow conduit and a(bump-out) receiver recess region; and, further defining a seal surfacefor releasable engagement by a seal defining a seal patternnon-orthogonal to a central axis of the cartridge and liquid flowcollar. The assembly also includes a housing secured to the outermounting ring, for example by threadable engagement. A filter cartridge,as generally characterized above, is positioned in the housing with aspigot projecting into the liquid flow collar and in removable sealengagement therewith and with a (bump-out) projection on an exterior ofthe spigot received in the (bump-out) receiver recess in the liquid flowcollar. Typically, the filter cartridge is a service part removable fromthe housing.

Also according to the present disclosure a method of installing a liquidfilter cartridge in sealing relation to the liquid flow collar of aliquid filtration assembly is provided. The method generally includes astep of pushing a spigot on a filter cartridge partly into a liquid flowcollar. For example, this would be conducted with the arrangementspreviously described, until interference to further insertion isprovided by a projection/receiver rotational alignment arrangement.

After the initial pushing, the cartridge would be rotated relative tothe liquid flow collar to align a member of the projection/receiverrotational alignment arrangement on the filter cartridge with a memberof the projection/receiver rotational alignment arrangement on theliquid flow collar. When this alignment occurs, a further pushing on thespigot into the liquid flow collar can be conducted until theprojection/receiver rotational alignment arrangement is fully engaged.By “fully engaged” it is meant that the projection is fully received inthe receiver (or the receiver fully engages the projection). Further,the pushing will have occurred until a seal member on the spigot issealed to the liquid flow collar, typically along an interior, to afully sealed orientation. By the term “fully sealed orientation” it ismeant that the spigot has been moved appropriately until the sealing isa 360° seal, completely around the spigot or the collar. Generally, thisis conducted to define a seal pattern non-orthogonal to a central axisof the filter cartridge and liquid flow collar. Specific examples of themethod can be practiced with the features characterized herein above.Preferably the member of the projection/receiver rotational alignmentarrangement on the spigot is a non-seal member.

According to another aspect of the disclosure, liquid filter cartridgeconfigured for use, in installation, with a liquid filter assemblydescribed. The filter cartridge comprises filter media surrounding anopen filter interior; the filter media having first and second,opposite, ends. The first end construction is positioned at the firstend of the media. The first end construction can be opened or closed andcan include features described herein above. A second end constructionis positioned at the second end of the media. The second endconstruction is open and defines a central liquid flow aperture inliquid flow communication with the open filter material. A radialprojection arrangement is positioned at an outer periphery of the secondend construction. It comprises a radially flexible tab arrangement,typically including at least two, spaced, radially flexible tabs. Eachof the radially flexible tabs in the example depicted, includes aradially outwardly directed projection arrangement and an upwardlydirected, free, handle end manipulable to retract the projectionarrangement radially inwardly. In an example described, the radiallyoutwardly directed projection arrangement and upwardly directed freehandle end are each mounted on a portion of the flexible tab with aliving hinge between the handle and a remainder of the end construction.The radial projection arrangement can be used in coordination with endconstructions having other features described herein above, but this isnot required to obtain some advantage.

Also according to the present disclosure, a liquid filter assembly isprovided comprising a housing having a sidewall with a receiver recessarrangement therein. A liquid filter cartridge having a radialprojection arrangement described above is positioned within thesidewall, with a radially outwardly directed projection arrangementprojecting into the receiver recess arrangement and with the upwardlydirected, free, handle end of each flexible tab is posed formanipulation. The receiver recess arrangement can be a continuous groovein the sidewall of the housing, which would provide that the cartridgecan be rotated independently of the housing.

Also according to the present disclosure, a method of installing aliquid filter cartridge in a housing is provided. The method comprises astep of inserting a cartridge having a radial projection arrangement asdescribed, into a housing having a sidewall with a receiver recessarrangement therein, while flexing radially flexible tabs inwardly untilthe radially outwardly directed projection arrangement of the flexibletab(s) aligns with the receiver recess arrangement and project therein.Also a method of separating a liquid filter cartridge from the liquidfilter assembly is provided, the method including a step of biasingexposed upwardly directed free handle ends of each flexible tab radiallyinwardly, to retract the radially outwardly directed projectionarrangement of each tab from the receiver recess arrangement, allowingremoval of the cartridge from the housing.

From the examples described herein, a variety of specific configurationsfor application of the principles described herein, to obtain some orall of the advantages described, can be understood. There is again, nospecific requirement that all applications of features according to thepresent disclosure include each and every feature defined herein, inorder to obtain some advantage. Also, the various features depicted anddescribed for selected embodiments can be used with alternateembodiments depicted and described.

What is claimed:
 1. A liquid filter cartridge comprising: (a) filtermedia surrounding an open filter interior; (i) the filter media havingfirst and second opposite ends; and defining a central axis; (b) a firstend construction positioned at the first end of the filter media; (c) asecond end construction positioned at the second end of the media; (i)the second end construction being open, and including a central spigotprojecting away from the media and surrounding and defining a centralliquid flow aperture in liquid flow communication with the open filterinterior; (ii) a seal member positioned on the spigot; and (iii) aradial alignment abutment member having an abutment surface; (A) theabutment member projecting a direction away from the media a distancefurther than at least a portion of the seal member closest to the media;and (B) the radial alignment abutment member extending from the secondend construction and radially spaced from the spigot and defining a gapradially between a portion of the radial alignment abutment member and aportion of the spigot.
 2. A liquid filter cartridge according to claim 1wherein: (a) the first end construction is a closed end construction. 3.A liquid filter cartridge according to claim 1 wherein: (a) the sealmember is positioned on, and in extension around, the spigot.
 4. Aliquid filter cartridge according to claim 1 wherein: (a) the sealmember is an o-ring.
 5. A liquid filter cartridge according to claim 1further including: (a) a radially directed fin member on the second endconstruction positioned extending in a direction between the centralspigot and an outer perimeter of the second end construction.
 6. Aliquid filter cartridge according to claim 1 wherein: (a) the radialalignment abutment member defines a cam end remote from the media whichis slanted from a peak toward the media.
 7. A liquid filter cartridgeaccording to claim 6 wherein: (a) the cam end slants out an acute angleof at least 30° and not more than 60°.
 8. A liquid filter cartridgeaccording to claim 1 wherein: (a) the central spigot includes an end tiphaving an end surface non-orthogonal to the central axis of the media.9. A liquid filter cartridge according to claim 1 wherein: (a) thesecond end construction includes an outer perimeter with ahousing-engagement radial projection arrangement thereon.
 10. A liquidfilter according to claim 1 wherein: (a) the spigot includes a notchtherein positioned to extend from engagement with an end tip of thespigot, in a direction toward the media.
 11. A liquid filter cartridgeaccording to claim 1 wherein: (a) the spigot has a maximum extensionradially from the central axis that is not greater than 80% of a maximumradial extension of the media from the central axis.
 12. A liquid filtercartridge according to claim 1 wherein: (a) the seal member defines amaximum extent of projection radially outwardly from the central axisthat is no more than 60% of a maximum distance of radial extension ofthe media from the central axis.
 13. A liquid filter cartridge accordingto claim 1 wherein: (a) the media is pleated.
 14. A liquid filtercartridge according to claim 1 wherein: (a) the media defines acylindrical exterior perimeter shape.
 15. A liquid filter cartridgeaccording to claim 1 wherein: (a) the media is positioned around acentral, perforate, core.